I-soda edibeneyo: ifomula, iipropati, isicelo

Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zeekhemikhali ezihlanganiswe ngamabhakethi amakhulu ngonyaka yi-alkali i-hydroxide ye-sodium. Ukuthandwa okunjalo kuye kwabulela iimpahla zayo. I-soda edibeneyo, ifom ye-NaOH, yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwezoshishino kubantu. Cinga le ngcaciso ngokubanzi.

Imbali yokufumanisa umba

Ngethuba lokuqala ukukhankanywa kwenkomfa efana ne-caustic soda ivela kumaxesha amandulo. Nangona iBhayibhile iqulethe ngolwazi malunga nenkunkuma yomhlaba, ekhishwe ngamachibi aseYiputa. Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kwakuyi-caustic soda.

U-Aristotle, uPlato kunye nabanye abafilosofi baseGrike nabaseRoma nabasosayensi baphinda bathethe i-nitrum yezinto, ezikhishwe kwiindawo zendalo kwaye zithengiswa ngeendlela ezininzi ezinqamlekileyo (ezimnyama, ezimpunga, ezimhlophe). Emva koko, iindlela zokucocwa ngoko zazingayazi nantoni na, ngoko bekungekho nto yokuhlula ukuxhamla kwilahle.

Ngo-385 BC sifumane isicelo sokwenza isepha. Inkqubo yayisekelwe kwi-sodium hydroxide. Inkomfa yakhe, ngokuqinisekileyo, yayingakaziwa, kodwa ayizange imvimbele ekukhutsheni emlonyeni wezityalo ze-genyan Solyanka, ukusuka kumachibi kunye nokusetyenziswa ukucoca izinto zekhaya, ukuhlamba iimpahla, nokwenza isepha ezihlukahlukeneyo.

Emva kancinci, ama-Arabhu afunde ukufaka iioli eziyimfuneko kunye nezinto ezinamakha kumveliso. Emva koko insipho yaba mnandi kwaye ivumba. Uphuhliso olusebenzayo lweenkqubo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuqalisa isepha.

Kude ikhulu le-17 leminyaka, i-caustic soda, iindawo zayo ezazisetyenziselwa ngokupheleleyo, njengengxube yeekhemikhali yayingasetshenziswanga. Kwahlanganiswa nezinto ezifana ne-soda, i- hydroxyde ye- potassium , i-carbonate ye-potassium, i- carbonate ye- sodium. Bonke babizwa ngokuba yi-caustic alkalis.

Kamva isayense uDuhamel du Monceau wayenako ukubonisa ubungqina bezinto ezi zinto waza wawahlula kwi-alkalis kunye nosawoti. Ukususela ngoko, i-caustic soda ifumane igama layo lokwenene neligxina kuze kube namhlanje.

Iimpawu ezifanayo zamagama

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama lento ayifani kwaye lidibaniselwano ezininzi. Ngokonke, unokhetho olu-6 olukhethiweyo:

• Hydroxyde
• Hydroxyde
• Soda Caustic;
• Alkali sodium;
• Caustic;
• Caustic alkali.

Olu hlobo lubizwa ngokuthi i- caustic soda kubantu abaqhelekileyo kunye noshishino. Kwiimveliso zeekhemikhali, kuchanekile ukuthetha i-alkali ye-sodium okanye i-sodium hydroxide. Ifomula ayitshintshi kulo. Igama eliqhelekileyo liyabangela. Ilungelo ukusuka kumbono wendlela yokutyunjwa kwezinto ezichanekileyo yigama le-sodium hydroxide.

Ifom ye-Chemical kunye nesakhiwo se-molecule

Ukuba siqwalasela le nto kwimeko yokujonga i-chemistry, iya kuba neeon ezimbini: i-sodium cation (Na ⁺ ) ne-hydroxide anion (OH-). Ukubopha omnye komnye ngenxa yokukhangela kwe-electrostatic of particles charged, ezi ion zenza i-soda ephazamisayo. Ifom yefom yobumba i-NaOH.

Iqela le-hydroxo lenziwa ngumxube we-polar phakathi kwe-oksijini kunye ne-hydrogen, ngoxa i-sodium igcinwa ngumxhelo we-ionic. Isisombululo, i-alkali idibanisa ngokupheleleyo kwi-ions, kuba yi-electrolyte eqinile.

Indlela yokufumana iLebhu

Izindlela zoshishino kunye neelabhoratri zokufumana i-sodium hydroxide ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwizinto ezincinci zifumaneka ngeendlela zamakhemikhali kunye ne-electrochemical kwiinkqubo ezincinci kunezibonelelo zoshishino. Kwaye iifoni zezinto ezifanayo ziveliswa kwiikholamu ezinkulu ze-electrolyzers.

Kukho iindlela ezibalulekileyo zokwenza intsebenziswano kwi-laboratory.

1. Indlela yeFerritic. Iqulethwe ngamagatya amabini aphezulu: kwinqanaba lokuqala, i-sodium carbonate kunye neyinyithi (III) i-oxide ifakwe ngaphantsi kwefuthe lokushisa okuphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, i-ferrite sodium (NaFeO ₂ ) yenziwa. Kwinqanaba lesibini, libonakaliswe ngamanzi kwaye lidibanisa ukwenza i-sodium hydroxide kunye nomxube wesinyithi namanzi (Fe ₂ O ₃ * H ₂ O). Isiphumo susticus caustic kwisisombululo siphuphuma kwiinkristal okanye iiflegi ezimhlophe. Ubungqina balo malunga ne-92%.
2. Indlela yeLime. Iyenzeka kwindlela yokusabela phakathi kwe-sodium carbonate ne-calcium hydroxide (i-hydrated lime) yokwenza i-calcium carbonate kunye ne-caustic. Ukuphendula kuthathwa kwinqanaba lika-80 ° C. Njengoko ityuwa ephuma kuyo, ilula ngokulula. Isisombululo esisele siphuphuma kwaye i-nitrate ye-sodium iyafumaneka.
3. Isilathisi kunye nendlela yokwenza umlenze wokulungiselela. Isekelwe ekusebenzeni kweseli yeseli. Isondliwa ngesisombululo setyuwa (i-NaCL), esithotyelwa kwi-electrolysis kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-chlorine ye-free gase kunye ne-product caustic product. Ukwahlukana phakathi kwezi ndlela kukuthi kunye nendlela yokwenza idifragm, inxalenye eyintloko yokwakha i-asbestos diaphragm (cathode). Ngendlela yokwenza umlenze, indawo ye-cathode kunye ne-anode ihlukaniswe ngumbumba okhethekileyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-sodium hydroxide itholakala kwibhubhoratri, ukhetha ukhetho olubonakala luncedo kakhulu. Kuba, njengommiselo, unamandla angaphantsi kwamandla.

I-synthesis kwi shishini

Bafumana njani into efana ne-sodium hydroxide kwishishini? I-caustic ye-liquid kunye neqinileyo ichithwa ngokuqhelekileyo yindlela yokwenza i-electrochemical. Isekelwe kwi-electrolysis yesisombululo semithombo yamaminerali ye-halite, inxalenye enkulu eyenziwa ngetyuwa yetyuwa.

Inxalenye ephambili yale ntsebenziswano kukuba i-product-products kunye ne-caustic soda yi-chlorine ene-gaseous ne-hydrogen. Inkqubo yenziwa ngeendlela ezintathu:

• I-electrolysis diaphragm kwi-cathode eqinile;
• I-cathode ye-liquid evela kwi-mercury;
• Ummangalo kunye ne-cathode eqinile.

Ubuninzi be-caustic eveliswe kwihlabathi lusekwa yindlela yokwenza umlenze. I-alkali ephumela ekubeni ihlukaniswe yinqanaba eliphakamileyo lokuhlanzeka.

Izicelo

Kukho amashishini ambalwa apho i-caustic soda ifanelekileyo. Isicelo sisekelwe kwimizi yamakhemikhali kunye neziphathekayo, okwenza le ngxube ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezininzi kunye neenkqubo.

Kukho iinkalo ezininzi eziphambili apho i-hydrodium i-hydroxide yinto ebalulekileyo.

1. Ukuveliswa kwemveliso yamachiza (ukuhlanganiswa kweesters, isepha, amafutha, ukuveliswa kwefayibrikhi, i-grazing of aluminium, ukwenzela ukuveliswa kwemveliso ehlambulukileyo, njengento ekhombisayo kwiinkqubo ezininzi, yinto eyona nto yokwenza i-acids ye-acids kunye ne-oxydes ehambelana nayo, kwi-chemistry yokuhlalutya isetyenzisiweyo; Isinyithi ezinqabileyo, amaninzi amasiza, ezinye iziseko kunye nezixhobo eziphilayo).
2. Kwimveliso yephepha lokucubungula i-pulp (ukulahlwa kwe-wood lignin).
3. Kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho yomntu nayo ayinakuxhaswa nge-caustic soda. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi amaninzi kunye nezinto zokucoca ezisekelwe kulo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukwenza isepha, ukufumana i-shampoos - konke oku akunako ukwenza ngaphandle kwe-caustic soda.
4. Kubalulekile ukuhlanganiswa kwe-biofuel.
5. Isetyenziswe kwisikali sikazwelonke sokususa i-degassing kunye nokuthintela izinto ezinetyhefu ezichaphazela izilwanyana.
6. Ukuveliswa kwamayeza kunye neziyobisi zamachiza.
7. Icandelo lokutya - i-confectionery, i-tshokoleta, i-cocoa, i-ayisikrimu, umbala weesekese, imifuno, i-baking yemveliso yeebhaka.
8. Kwi-cosmetology yokususwa kwamaziko angaphandle (i-moles, i-papillomas, i-warts).
9. Isetyenziselwa ukusela iziyobisi kunye nezityalo zecuba.
10. Kwimveliso yombatho.
11. Ukuveliswa kweglasi: umbala, oqhelekileyo, optical kunye nezinye.

Kucacile ukuba i-sodium hydroxide yinto eqakathekileyo neyiluncedo kwimisebenzi yabantu. Akungento yinto eyenziwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwiitoni - izigidi ezingama-57 okanye ngaphezulu.

Iipropati zomzimba

I-powdery ye-White powdery, ngamanye amaxesha angenambala. Kungaba ngesimo sephostalline powder okanye ngeflekes. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngefestile ezinkulu. I-melting point is a low-65.1 ^o C. Ngokukhawuleza iyancipha umswakama kwaye idlula kwi-hydrated ifom ye-NaOH · 3.5H ₂ O. Kule meko, i-melting point is even less, kuphela 15.5 ^o C. Ichanekile ngokungenamkhawulo kwi-alcohols, amanzi . Kwiphonkco, zombini isispilisi esomeleleyo neyomzimba.

Unobungozi kakhulu kwifom egxininisiweyo neyihlanjululwe. Ingonakalisa zonke iigobolondo zeso, ukuya kwii-optic nererves. Ukuqhagamshelana kwamehlo kunokubangela ukungaboni. Ngoko ke, sebenzisana nale nxu lumene kakhulu kwaye ifuna izixhobo zokukhusela.

Iimpawu zeChimpi

Izakhiwo ezinobungozi ze-sodium zibonisa ngokufanayo nezo zonke i-alkalis: idibana ne-acids, i-oxide i-asidi, i-amphoteric oxides kunye ne-hydroxy, i-salts. Ukusuka ezingekho zinyithi ziya kuphendulwa nge sulfure, i-phosphorus kunye ne-halogen. Kananjalo uyakwazi ukusabela ngesinyithi.

Kwi-chemistry ye-organic, i-sodium hydroxide ithatha i-amides, i-ether, i-alkanes-substituted alkanes.

Izimo zokugcina

Ukugcinwa kwe-caustic soda kwenziwa ngokwemiqathango ethile. Oku kungenxa yokuba kusebenze kakhulu, ngakumbi xa igumbi limanzi. Imiqathango ephambili inokuchazwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo.

1. Ukugcinwa ngaphandle kweeshushu.
2. Ukufakwe uphawu olufakwe emzimbeni kunye nokutywinwa, akukwazi ukudlula umswakama.
3. I-caustic eyomileyo eyomileyo igcinwa kwiingxowa ezikhethekileyo (i-polyethylene eninzi), i-liquid - kwisitya seglasi esimnyama kunye neziglasi zeglasi. Ukuba inani likhulu kwaye lifuna ukuthutha, isisombululo se-caustic soda sifakwe kwiimveliso zerinki ezikhethekileyo kunye neeberi.

Ukuthunyelwa kwesi sakhiwo kunokwenziwa nayiphi na indlela eyaziwayo, ukugcina imithetho yezokhuseleko, ngaphandle kokuhamba ngomoya.

I-alkali ye sodium

Ukongeza kwi-crystalline, kusekho isisombululo esinomdla we-caustic soda. I-formula yayo ifana nayo. I-Chemically, izisombululo zisetyenziswa kwaye zilungele ukusetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, kule fomu, i-caustic isetyenziswe rhoqo.

Isisombululo se-caustic soda, ifom ye-NaOH, ifumana isicelo kuzo zonke iinkalo zingentla. Kuyinto engathandekiyo kuphela ukuhamba, kuba kungcono ukuthutha i-caustic eyomileyo. Kuzo zonke ezinye iipropati, ayikho ngaphantsi kwama-crystals, kwaye kwezinye, zigqithise.