Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngowe-2012, iminyaka emashumi mane anantlanu ukusuka mzuzu xa abantu isigqibo ukusebenzisa isikhathi atom ukuba umlinganiselo lichaneke kakhulu ixesha. Ngowe-1967, i-International SI udidi wexesha akusayi kumiselwa ezikalini ngeenkwenkwezi - indawo kubo beza umgangatho atom frequency. lowo igama ethandwa ngoku - ezi wotshi atomic. Ixesha ngqo ukuba bavumela ukuba limisele impazamo omncinane elinye ngomzuzwana kule minyaka izizigidi ezintathu, ukuba zingasetyenziswa njenge ixesha standard naphi na ehlabathini.
A incinane
Kwaloo nto yokuba usebenzisa intlokoma atomic kumlinganiselo ngqo xesha okokuqala ecetywayo ngo-1879 yi yamachiza yaseBritani uWilliam Thomson. Xa indima resonators emitter athom ukuba izazinzulu Sicebisa ukuba usebenzise hydrogen. Imizamo yokuqala ukuphumeza ingcamango practice kwenziwa kuphela 40. zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kwaye kuqala ukusebenza clock atom ehlabathini wabonakala ngowe-1955 e-UK. uMdali wabo yamachiza British zovavanyo Dr Louis Essen. Sasisebenza ekugqibeleni ezo iiyure ezisekelwe kwi-atom-133 intlokoma atom kunye izazinzulu ngenxa yabo bakwazi ukubala ixesha ngokuchanileyo enkulu kakhulu kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Iyunithi yokuqala Essen imposiso kuvumelekile ayikho yesibini ngaphezu kwesinye yonke iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci, kodwa ekugqibeleni ukuchana imilinganiselo anda ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye impazamo yesibini nganye uyeza up yezigidi kuphela 2-3 ezilikhulu.
clock Atomic: ukusebenza
njani le "isixhobo 'abakrelekrele? Njengoko livakale frequency generator atomic isicelo amanqanaba amandla ezi molekyuli okanye kwinqanaba ngesixa-athom. ubucukubhede Quantum umisela unxibelelwano "abayingxenye - electron" inkqubo kunye namanqanaba amandla ekhethekileyo eziliqela. Ukuba inkqubo enjalo kuchaphazela intsimi magnetic rhoqo kwangaphambili ngokuthe ngqo, apho kuya kubakho inguqulelo yale nkqubo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu. Kwakhona kuyenzeka, kwaye reverse inkqubo yenguqu atom ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphezulu ukuya ezantsi, kulandele radiation amandla. Ezi nesenzeko bangajonga ukurekhoda zonke nokuxhuma amandla, ukudala into efana wesekethe jinga (eyaziwa ngokuba oscillator atomic). esasidla yayo intlokoma liya kunxibelelana umahluko lwamandla phakathi kwamanqanaba osecaleni utshintsho-athom zihlukaniswe rhoqo Planck kaThixo.
Le wesekethe oscillation zinezibonelelo engenakuphikwa kuthelekiswa izandulela zabo ngoomatshini kunye ngeenkwenkwezi. Kuba omnye atomic oscillator frequency resonant ye atom kwento iyafana, ingeyo zokuxilonga kunye crystals piezoelectric. Ukongeza, i-atom musa ukutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, iimpawu zabo, musa azipheli. Ngoko ke, atomic ezi chronometer echanileyo kakhulu kwaye phantse elingunaphakade.
Ixesha elichanekileyo kunye ubugcisa bale mihla
networks thethwano lomnxeba, unxibelelwano satellite, GPS, NTP-server, iintengiselwano elektroniki kwi istock exchange, ngotyefezo online, inkqubo yokuthenga lamatikiti nge kwi Internet - zonke ezi zinto kunye nezinye iziganeko kudala ngokuqinileyo ebomini bethu. Kodwa ukuba uluntu basungula i wotshi atom, konke oku bekungeke kwenzeke khona. Ungqamaniso ixesha ngqo ekuvumela ukuba ukunciphisa naziphi na iimpazamo, ukulibaziseka kunye kokulibazisa, kwenza ukuba nkulu ukusetyenziswa le ncwadi zilahleka ezixabisekileyo, nto leyo akasoze kakhulu.