Ukujikeleziswa kwezinto kwi ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Impefumlelwano onke amacandelo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila lwenziwa yi ngokutshintshiselana mba kunye namandla. Xa intliziyo yalo intsebenziswano na ibhayisekile le nto - owenzeka inguqu kunye nemfuduko iinkqubo kwezinto kwindalo, kunye nohlobo wovandlakanyo abangalinganiyo izidanga sandla. Ezi nkqubo uthathe indawo inxaxheba amandla elanga kunye namandla yangaphakathi Umhlaba.

zejoloji Ngaphandle umjikelo (opheleleyo) kunye eziphilayo enqila (ezincinci) kunye kwimijikelo anthropogenic.

ejikeleza wejoloji kwezinto - a ukwabiwa iziqalelo phakathi lithosfere umhlaba onokuphila, leyo eyenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo iqala (ngaphakathi) kunye neenkqubo zangaphandle (lwangaphandle). Kwizigidi zeminyaka namawa kutshatyalaliswa, kwaye iimveliso yemozulu zenziwa yi imisinga yamanzi elwandle. Inxalenye minor ye izinto izimbiwa luphinda lubuyiselwe kubathathi-lizwe ngenxa ngumphunga ukufuma kunye imvula, kwaye nomjikelo luvalwe. Ubuninzi iimveliso yemozulu kuhlala phezu kolwandle, apho neentlenge. Indawo amaxesha zejoloji kwenzeka Isemantiki kweelwandle, intshukumo ye zomhlaba ipleyiti, isakhiwo intaba, kwaye zokulala kwakhona bazifumane kumhlaba - umjikelo eziphathekayo nokwakheka iqala a ngeenxa entsha. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba lo mjikelo phawu ayikho isangqa, kunye ephotheneyo, ekubeni ngenxa wolule ixesha ngalinye ifreyimi umjikelo omtsha yahluke kakhulu kowangaphambili.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kubomi ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila na andaweni ekuthiwa-, nto leyo ibandakanya umhlaba, umoya nolwandle. Le umjikelo wamanzi, nayo nobhaliweyo zejoloji Circulations (enkulu). amandla ayo okuqhuba amandla kwelanga, phantsi kwempembelelo apho ngumphunga kwenzeka. iimolekyuli amanzi ngohlobo igesi ukunyuka emoyeni, apho ukupholisa ejiya. Amafu kwakheka, anikeza kwezulu. Ukuba imvula awela ulwandle, umjikelo ivaliwe (kwamanzi njalo njalo. D.).

Amanzi angena emhlabeni, ezimbini iinketho: umphezulu ukuqengqeleka idibane. Kwimeko yokuqala, ibuyisela olwandle, ukugqiba umjikelo, yaye owesibini ngayo indlela ende kwaye unika umdla. Seeping phantsi neentanda kunye pores, ukuba ifikelela umaleko kungenwa nto, libuyisele isitokhwe kwamanzi omhlaba, yaye emva koko edakasa kwicala tye kude de uyifumane indlela kumphezulu. Ngoko ke bakha imithombo ukuba ondle imilambo, amachibi, amachibi, imigxobhozo. Ebudeni bale "ukuhamba" amanzi uhleli kumphezulu umaleko womhlaba (ukufuma capillary), ukusuka apho umphunga emoyeni, yaye inxalenye isetyenziswa izityalo, amagqabi apho nayo ngumphunga (transpiration).

Enye ingxenye yomjikelo nokwakheka komhlaba kumjikelo zebhayoloji kwezinto, nto leyo kwakungamandla awayeqhuba - umsebenzi eziphilayo. Lo mjikelo ibukeka ngolu hlobo.

1. Amanzi, carbon kunye izondlo eziyintlanganisela zizityalo (autotrophic) kunye nezilwanyana (heterotrophic), nto leyo zidle ezi zityalo.
2. sibulawa eziphilayo, kwaye phantsi kweempembelelo saprophytes (nomngundo, iintsholongwane, iintshulube) Iimveliso ukuthotywa ukubola amacandelo kwizimbiwa.
3. izinto ezingaphiliyo asetyenziswa kwakhona ngenxa Yindibanisela organic autotrophs - ibhayisekile biogeochemical kwezinto kuyaqhubeka.

iinkqubo ezinjalo kwenzeka ecosystem nganye kunye nemijikelo ziquka izinto ezahlukeneyo: .. Ioksijini, initrogen, ikharbon, isalfure, phosphorus, intsimbi, njl bayabandakanyeka zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo ehlabathini. Indima iintsholongwane kwi ukuhamba kwezinto - ukuba bathathe inxaxheba lomhlaba, amanzi, ukuqokelela izinto ezithile (iintsholongwane nitrogen-nitrogen), lo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo (destructors), reactions redox (iintsholongwane aerobic), kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi ibakho umhlaba onokuphila.