Xa ke ubani owavela isihlalo yombane?

Ngubani owavela isihlalo yombane? Umchweli, ngogesi, umphengululi - iinketho enjengale engqondweni. Mhlawumbi uya kumangaliswa ukwazi ukuba umsebenzi laloo ndoda ezahlukeneyo. Kweli nqaku siza kuphendula umbuzo: owasungula isihlalo yombane? Oku kufuna ingqalelo oluneenkcukacha, kuba imbali ezinxulumene nayo; umdla kakhulu. Thomas Edison kwinkulungwane ye-19 owavela isibane zigqengezelayo. Kakade ke, lo mntu asinguye lowo owavela isihlalo yombane. Noko ke, le inyathelo lokuqala kwindlela eya ezahlukeneyo ezifunyaniswe ezinxulumene umbane. Olu qambo, ingakumbi, usiyekile ukuba sisebenzise yona imizi ukukhanyisa.

Ukuba oko wakucinga Albert Southwick

Abantu abaninzi banomdla lo mbuzo: ngubani umdali indlela entsha ukubulawa? Kukholelwa ukuba Albert Sautvik - lowo owavela isihlalo yombane. ulwazi lwakhe - wamazinyo. kwafika Le ndoda ibekwe kumantla New York emzini Buffalo. Nabani owavela isihlalo sikagesi (uvumo kulo, njengokuba ubona, i ezi- ezimbalwa), wayekholelwa ukuba kusetyenziswa ndindisholo kwi yezonyango. Xa Albert wabona iingcingo ezingagqunywanga ningayichukumisi omnye kubahlali Buffalo. Le ndoda yafa njengoko ingcamango ngoko Southwick, elingenabuhlungu kwaye phantse nje ngephanyazo. Eli tyala ekubeni akholelwe ukuba uphumezo imvelaphi umbane singavalwa njenge izohlwayo ekhawulezayo nabanobuntu ebekwe nakuba ukuzihlalela. Southwick yaphakanyiswa ukusetyenziswa kombane ukuze ukuphelisa izilwanyana ezingafunekiyo, endaweni ukuhlisa kubo. Kolonelu Rockwell, intloko Society for ukukhusela izilwanyana ukusuka yinkohlakalo, wakuthanda.

ikomiti

Southwick ngo-1882 yaqhuba uthotho experimenti kwizilwanyana, waza wapapasha iziphumo zakhe amaphepha enzululwazi. Albert badla kufumana abo owavela isihlalo yombane. Noko ke, baninzi abantu abathatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwayo. Ngokukodwa, Southwick wabonisa iziphumo amalinge zabo, uDavide McMillan, le leNdlu yeeNgwevu kunye nomhlobo wakhe. Wathi ukuba ukubulawa ngokusebenzisa umbane yalula, nto leyo inzuzo yayo ephambili. Makmillian wakhuthaza ekulondolozweni isohlwayo sentambo. Lo mbono umdla njenge lokuphikisa bupheliswe. Weva Makmillian wamnikela DB Hill, irhuluneli of New York. , Elyuridzh Jerry (wezopolitiko) kunye Metyu Heyl (ijaji) - Ngowe-1886 umsebenzi okhethekileyo, elakhiwa Southwick (wamazinyo, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe umsebenzi yabantu, owasungula njengokuxhonywa) ekwacwangciswa ngayo. kwaso, leyo echazwe kwingxelo iphepha-95, kukuba ndlela ilungileyo uphumezo - ekwenzeni imvelaphi yombane. States Kucetyiswa ukuba le ngxelo kutshintshwa kuze kufakwe uhlobo olutsha ejingayo yesohlwayo.

umthetho sentambo

Ngowe-1888, Juni 5, watyikitywa iRhuluneli yomthetho efanelekileyo, leyo wangena force waba ukususela 1889. Yaqhubeka ukuba ukhethe uhlobo ukusebenzisa umbane; AC okanye DC. Zahlukene njani? Kodwa nantsi eyona nyaniso.

AC and DC

Basebenza kulo mba, izazinzulu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kudala ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe yenziwe yi uThomas Edison. Noko ke, Edison (eliboniswe ngezantsi) waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa ithiyori eyenziwe nguye. Ngowe-1879 kwakhiwa isikhululo samandla yokuqala. inkqubo Edison kaThixo isebenza ngoku ngqo. Kodwa ke yiyo kuphela kwicala elinye, ngoko ke ubonelelo lwemali kungenakwenzeka ukuba umgama omde. Kwaba yimfuneko ukuba ukwakha iziko lombane ukunika naphakathi kwesixeko kunye nombane.

Phuma wafumana Nikola Tesla,-nzulu Croatian. Ukuyiphi ingcamango usebenzisa i alternating current, nto leyo ukutshintsha amaxesha eziliqela ngomzuzwana icala, ekudaleni mhlaba otsalayo, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ombane. Unako ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa amandla ombane nokuxuba usebenzisa abaguquli. Loo langoku ndibuweze ilahleko encinane imigama emide, yaye andule ke azise ukuba umsebenzisi wombane ngokusebenzisa linyathelo-phantsi sombane.

Qala ngokusebenzisa i AC

Le nkqubo iye itsale abatyali, omnye wabo Dzhordzh Vestingauz (eliboniswe ngezantsi).

Wayefuna ukusebenzisa nzuzo ngayo i-AC, kodwa ubuchwepheshe Edison yaba zithandwa kakhulu ngelo xesha. Esebenza ngayo kwi Edison, Tesla, ke, ukuba uphuhliso wakhe ukunikela ingqalelo, kunye Tesla wayeka. Kungekudala Isazinzulu elilodwa lomenzi iingcamango zakhe. Westinghouse ngo-1888 bathenga amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza Tesla 40, kwaye ngaphezu kwekhulu izixeko kwiminyaka embalwa ulonwabele inkqubo AC.

"Zingqubana of the Titans"

Ngowe-1887, Edison waqalisa ukunyelisa inkqubo, efuna ukuqokelelwa kolwazi abaqeshwa babo ukufa ac yabangela. Ngoko wayenethemba ukungqina ukuba indlela yakhe ekhuselekileyo kuluntu.

"Zingqubana of the Titans" aqalisa xa kwavela umbuzo oko hlobo lwamandla kufuneka ingasetyenziswa isohlwayo sentambo. Nikola Tesla (eliboniswe ngezantsi) ngexesha elifanayo bangatyi ukulungisa naziphi na iingxelo Thomas kwaye ukhetha ukuhlala cwaka. Kodwa uTomas, uqoqo Tesla ngothakazelelo bakhe uphawu positiveness. "War imisinga" yathatha de-2007! E-New York, kuphela 21st Century ngokufuziselayo wayinqamla wire yokugqibela DC. Uthungelwano yonke of America kunye nehlabathi liphela washukunyiselwa ngokusisigxina AC.

Ncwadana kunye nokusebenza Edison

Ekubeni Edison wayengafuni bakhe ngendlela fyabo omnye okanye omnye ezinxulumene nokufa, wayefuna alternating current esisetyenziswe ifowuni ilungiselelwe isohlwayo sentambo. Scientist ngo-1887, siye apapasha incwadana enemifanekiso ethi "Prevention." Kuyo, yena ithelekiswa variable DC kwaye walatha ukhuseleko yokugqibela.

Intetho phambi kokuba ikhomishini Tomasa Edisona wenza nomvakalelo womoya onamandla. Zonke Umsunguli ngoku sele uqinisekile ukuba xa usebenzisa i alternating umbane ngoku ekufeni olukhawulezayo elula. ukuqwalasela lo mba, iKomishini ndandijongene ukusetyenziswa ezingezinye isitofu iyabulala, egqalwa enobuntu ngaphezu electrocution. nto kule nkulungwane yama-20 baqalisa ukusebenzisa phantse onke amazwe apho kwakukho isohlwayo sokufa leyo. Mhlawumbi abaninzi bengayi ukuba ubunzima esitulweni yombane, musani kuba ukhuphiswano phakathi kweenkampani, kwakunye ngentetho egudileyo Tomasa Edisona phambi kwe khomishini. Umbuzo Kwakhona nento yokuba ukuphunyezwa wabulawayo ngenaliti ebulalayo kwenzeka amagqirha ukuba ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, hayi kunokwenzeka.

Ukubulawa lokuqala

Kulo nyaka-1889, ngoJanuwari 1, wathabatha isohlwayo yokuqala usebenzisa le fyabo, njengoko isitulo yombane (photo ukuba ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi). Unit, kusetyenziswa kuyo, ekuthiwa isitulo vestingovannym; okanye isitulo Westinghouse; eminyaka ezimbalwa kamva. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1891 wadlula isohlwayo ilandelayo. Kuba izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezahlukeneyo babulawa abantu 4. Kuye apha naphaya ukuba zazise indlela yokwenza kwisivakalisi. Kuye ube wenkunkuma enamandla ngakumbi kwaye ucingo ziyatyeba. electrode 2 iye idityaniswe ingalo, endaweni yomqolo. Kahle wadlula ezi sokubulala, yaye indlela entsha iye yamkelwa izimvo zoluntu.

Ukubulawa William Kemmler

UWilliam Kemmler, owabulala umfazi wakhe eqhelekileyo-mthetho kunye ngezembe, owokuqala yaba "uvavanyo" yale ezintsha. Wabulawa kwisixeko Auburn ngo-1890, 6-Agasti. Wayengakwazi kakuhle kwaziwa izizathu ukuchaza iimvakalelo zabo. Nabani owavela isihlalo sikagesi, ndiya ongewayenako ukuyipopola oko kwenzekayo. Abo babekho ngelo xesha isivakalisi lingqina wabonisa ukuba ngumtyholwa wayesaphila emva kwemizuzwana 15-20 icandelo 1. Kwakufuneka ukuba ziquka yangoku ixesha elide yaye a lot of ntshikilelo. "Y" isekhona ubuhlungu xa elide yaye ukuya ekupheleni. Ezininzi zehlabathi kunye ukungaxoli American yabangela esi sohlwayo.

Ibulala usebenzisa isihlalo sikagesi

Thina bachaza iteknoloji kokubulawa usebenzisa isihlalo yombane. Umoni ohlala kuyo, yaye oko ebotshelelwe esitulweni ngezibopho isikhumba, ukulungisa isifuba, umlenze, namaqatha ne esihlahleni. Body fixed 2 electrode zobhedu, omnye ngeenyawo (kangangoko umbane uchetyiwe ulusu ngaphantsi kwawo), kunye nezinye - isithsaba uchetyiwe. I electrode zidla lubricated gel ekhethekileyo ukunciphisa ulusu otshisayo nokuphucula ubambe yangoku. imaski Dlula Kuluhlu isemzimbeni ebusweni.

Umsiki depresses ukuzitshintshela ephambili kulawulo iqhosha kwiqela lenjongo, kanjalo anike ombane intlawulo 1 eliphakathi volts 1700 ukuya 2400 kwaye ixesha - malunga 30-60 kwimizuzwana. Le timer bunikwa kwangaphambili ixesha, kwaye ngoku icinyiwe ngokuzenzekelayo. Ugqirha emva kokuhlola umzimba izityholo ezibini zolwaphulo-mthetho, kuba zisenako abulawe. Ngenxa kokukutheza yokuphefumla kunye nokufa intliziyo kwenzeka.

ngcono

Noko ke, wabasiki namhlanje bagqiba ukuba ukubanjwa lwephanyazo cardiac (oko kukuthi, ukufa lwezonyango) akubangeli yangoku ukuba adlule ebuchotsheni. Oku XIN'WE nentlungu. Abaphuli ngoku benza amanxeba, yaye i electrode ebiqaliswe kwi-hip ekunene ekhohlo ngaxhatha intlawulo badlula intliziyo aorta.

isitulo zombane - isohlwayo ngenkohlakalo

Ngaba ibalulekile into owasungula isitulo zombane: ngumchweli okanye ngombane? Okubaluleke kakhulu, le ndlela sohlwayo ngokungenabuntu. Nangona ngenkohlakalo ngandlela ithile, zonke iindlela esibondeni, oko isihlalo sombane kudla inika iingxaki ezinkulu, obe ubaqhiphukisa ukubandezeleka ezongezelelweyo ugwetyiwe, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho iimfuno lwezixhobo ukulungiswa okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni into yokuba olu hlobo ukufa kuye kwaqatshelwa phantsi kwempembelelo Leo Dzhonsa, odumileyo American itshantliziyo amalungelo oluntu, ayisebenzi, isohlwayo ngenkohlakalo okuphikisana siseko US.

Ngoku uyazi owasungula isihlalo yombane. Wamazinyo Albert Sautvik ekubonakala ukuba wayengazi ukuba balindelwe isiphelo ukuba angene ingcamango yakhe intloko. Namhlanje, le ndlela uphumezo iye yaba yenye iisimboli eUnited States. Kodwa isihlalo sikagesi yaqanjwa wamazinyo, owayefuna kuphela aphelise ukubandezeleka.