A ulwaphulo-mthetho kurhulumente: ingqiqo, iintlobo, iimpawu

Imeko yentlalo engenalo ulwaphulo namagunya kazwelonke, kwakunye ityala ngokuchaseneyo inkonzo okanye kwishishini imizimba zesizwe zommandla self-government - kuba izenzo eziyingozi (okanye yokungenzi). Ukuzibophelela abasebenzi bakarhulumente na amagosa, amagosa karhulumente, amanye amagosa okanye nabanye abasebenzi, phesheya umendo umdla inkonzo, ngenxa kwindawo abahlala besemsebenzini. Izenzo ezinjalo okanye ukungenzi yingozi eziqhelekileyo evunywe yi abasemagunyeni, kwakunye uluhlu iimfuno zenkonzo wesizwe okanye amagunya asekuhlaleni. Zingaqulatha intsongelo obangela loo monakalo.

ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho

Kwinxalenye ekhethekileyo umthetho mthetho malunga 255 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Phakathi kwabo isigqibo sokwabela amaqela mathandathu amatyala:

• ngokuchasene mntu;
• ndidelela umkhosi;
• nxamnye ukhuseleko loluntu;
• namagunya zesizwe;
• Economics;
• nxamnye uxolo kunye nokhuseleko loluntu.

Iimpawu amacala igunya likarhulumente inikeza akukho ikhowudi isohlwayo setyala, kwaye ithiyori imithetho ephathelene nobugebenga.

features

Abamangalelwa norhulumente kunye nenkonzo karhulumente iimpawu:

• Izenzo ezenziwa abadlali zabucala. Ngaphandle - enika ukunyotywa. Isifundo kule meko kuqhelekile.
• Ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuze enze ngenxa yokuba lo mbandela ubambe ofisi prime okanye igunya esemthethweni isebenzisa zayo.
• YeZenzo usongo abasemagunyeni yorhulumente wesithili, kwaye kananjalo bephazamisa ukusebenza eziqhelekileyo namabhunga olawulo ezikolo kunye nabasemagunyeni karhulumente.

ukoniwa

Zolwaphulo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela athile, nganye eza phantsi inqaku komthetho lolwaphulo-Russia.

Abamangalelwa kurhulumente:

• kakubi esisemthethweni (kwiSiqendu 286.);
• kakubi igunya esemthethweni (285 v.);
• Ukongeza urhulumente zinayo ngokucacileyo inkcazelo yobuxoki (kwiSiqendu 285,3.);
• kakubi yokusebenzisa imali mali (kwiSiqendu 285,1.);
• inkunkuma ngokungafanelekanga imali karhulumente mali non-mali (kwiSiqendu 285 inxenye 2).
• sabelo ezisemthethweni kwamalungelo (kwiSiqendu 288.);
• ukusilela amalungu ummiselo Interior (kwiSiqendu 286,1.);
• ukwala ukuba unikezele ulwazi kwiNdibano Federal, ukwalela of Accounts i Chamber of data (kwiSiqendu 287.);
• imisebenzi mthethweni emsebenzini (kwiSiqendu 289.);
• ukunyoba (Inqaku 291.);
• abafumana isicengo (kwiSiqendu 290.);
• Mediation kwimicimbi zokunyoba (kwiSiqendu 291,1.);
• lenkohlakalo ezincinane (Art 291,2.);
• ukukopela inkonzo (292 v.);
• nokukhutshwa okungekho zokundwendwela ukuba ngummi Russian Federation, kwaye ngokulinganayo eyenza ngokucacileyo iingxelo zobuxoki ephepheni, nto leyo ukufumana namthetho ngabemi ye-Russian Federation (kwiSiqendu 292,1.);
• engayenzanga (Ukungakhathali) (Art. 293).

committer ulwaphulo-mthetho

Xa uninzi mthetho isihloko kuphela esemthethweni.

Amagosa ke abantu okwethutyana, ngokusisigxina okanye igunya ukwenza imisebenzi yayo yolawulo, imisebenzi zeziko yolawulo kurhulumente, xa amalungu ka yommandla self-government, amaziko kamasipala uya kukhonza kwi Russian ngemipu Forces, amanye amajoni kunye namabandla zomkhosi.

Umntu okwexeshana wenza njengoko kubonelelwe izikhundla ezithile, ukuze babone umoni ukuba imisebenzi zabekwa kwi umntu ngendlela emiselwe ngumthetho.

Ezona mpawu concept

Ukuze siqonde oko lulwaphulo-mthetho kurhulumente, kufuneka baqonde iingqiqo kakuhle imisebenzi eyenziwa ligosa.

imisebenzi kukuma kweSebe yolawulo - ngumsebenzi kokuba zobunkokeli iqela, ukukhethwa uqulungqo kwabasebenzi, umbutho okanye umsebenzi owayamileyo inkonzo, ukusetyenziswa zenkuthazo kunye nokubekwa amanyathelo oluleko, ukugcinwa kwabafundi.

imisebenzi yezolawulo kunye noqoqosho kuthiwa, eziquka igunya ukulahla kunye nolawulo lwepropati, kwakunye nemali ukuba kwiphepha lomncono, kwakunye akhawunti zebhanki, leyo kwi imibutho okanye amaziko kwakunye neeyunithi kunye neeyunithi zomkhosi. Ezinye izenzo bawe apha: izisombululo payroll, iibhonasi, ukulawula intshukumo-asethi eziphathekayo, ukusekwa ukuze apho ukugcina ubutyebi.

into swonghasi

Angekho kurhulumente kukwaquka into. Ingcamango amacala urhulumente kuthetha ukuba into luthe kulawulwa ngezenzo zomthetho kwenu kukusebenza okuqhelekileyo arhente zikarhulumente, koomasipala kunye namaziko karhulumente, LSG, omkhosi, iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo wamajoni Russia kunye nezinye iingalo.

Injongo olukhawulezileyo yempembelelo amalungelo asemthethweni kunye neemfuno ezisemthethweni lwabemi nemibutho. Kananjalo apha izinto oluntu, iimfuno ezahlukeneyo karhulumente, leyo akhuselwe ngumthetho.

kwicala njongo kuthetha ubukho iimpawu data malfeasance inegunya:

• Benza ezi zenzo ukuba ganga ngoku iimfuno zale nkonzo. Ezi zenzo zithi kuphela ukuba ganga ngoku umzimba injongo ngqo, kodwa kwakhona ichasane amagunya ezaye athweswe ezisemthethweni.
• Ubuhlobo kobude phakathi into yokuba umntu akwenzileyo, kwaye neziphumo inyathelo okanye yokungenzi.

Umahluko phakathi kwabasebenzi

iimpawu ngokubanzi mthetho olujoliswe kurhulumente, izinto zelizwe kuquka kokuzifaka nezohlwayo, iqondo leyo kuyahlukana nedlela ukuba umntu wenze isenzo.

Ingcamango igosa onciphileyo ingqiqo sisicaka kamasipala okanye karhulumente.

Ummi owenza imisebenzi eyabelwe oko, kuba imali, nto leyo luhlawulwe mxholo Russian Federation okanye lwabiwo federal, ubizwa ngokuba abasebenzi bakarhulumente.

Umntu owenza imisebenzi eyabelwe oko, kuba imali, nto leyo luhlawulwe imizimba self-government lwengingqi, ngokuba abasebenzi bakamasipala.

Ngenxa yoko ihlala kuphela ukugqiba ukuba ngamnye umqeshwa na igosa, kodwa naliphi na igosa liya kuba abaqeshwa bakarhulumente okanye kamasipala.

Abo basebenzi abangekho kwizikhundla ezisemthethweni, uya kuba noxanduva Isahluko 30 womGaqo Criminal (ngakumbi, Art. 288 kunye nobuGcisa. 292).

sina ulwaphulo

Urhulumente unoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba ubomi babantu kuluntu kunye nokudala uluntu yaququzelelwa yaye bekhululekile. abo abenza mthetho olujoliswe kurhulumente, bohlwaywe ngokuqatha kakhulu.

ingqalelo kakhulu yingozi:

• ukuvukela abaxhobileyo;
• eliSetyenzisiweyo ;
• okukhuthaza intiyo yobuhlanga kunye nokuxhokonxa intiyo yonqulo;
• zaseMelika;
• loku-, divulging iimfihlelo yesizwe.

Ekubeni isebenza kakuhle kanjani na amandla karhulumente ikakhulu ixhomekeke namathelwano umsebenzi abasebenzi bakarhulumente, kwakunye ingqibelelo yabo. Urhulumente akufuneki ongenakuzivumela ukunyoba, kakubi igunya phezu inxalenye abantu abahlala iimbopheleleko kurhulumente.

isohlwayo

Abamangalelwa imeko Code Criminal abohlwaye ngaphandle kothethathethwano.

Ngokomzekelo, ngaphezu kwamandla ezisemthethweni:

• Ukuba isenzo neziphumo ukugxojwa iimfuno ezisemthethweni kunye namalungelo abemi okanye imibutho, kwaye naziphi na izinto ezikhuselweyo likarhulumente okanye uluntu, kwaye sizibophelele kwi nanceba wawu okanye ezinye umdla zobuqu. Kulo mzekelo, isohlwayo kubandakanya isohlwayo ka 80 000 engange. Le mali ke indawo nayiphi na ingeniso ummi zethuba elifikelela kwiinyanga ezintandathu. isigqibo senkundla aziyi kuvunyelwa ukuba abasezikhundleni kwinqanaba elithile okanye udidi, okanye ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Igama elithi ye sohlwayo kunokuba ukuya kwiminyaka-5. Kwakhona kuba sisohlwayo ngohlobo ngebhaxa ukuya kuma kwiminyaka emine. Buyisela le isohlwayo ambambe iinyanga ezine ukuya kwezintandathu. Yeyona isohlwayo kakhulu ezingqongqo, nto leyo ethetha ukuhluthwa kwenkululeko iminyaka ukuya ku-4.
• Umthetho efanayo, kodwa izenzo zabo ngumntu ophethe ofisi yoluntu okanye intloko igunya likarhulumente, uya kuphindezelwa ngumntu entle, nto leyo iya kulingana kubungakanani z / okanye ingeniso kwisithuba seminyaka-1 ukuya kwezi-2, okanye imali engange-100 000 ukuya 300 000. Kananjalo ingasetyenziswa ngokuqhutywa ngebhaxa. Lo msebenzi ukuze kubalelwa ixesha ukuya kwiminyaka emihlanu. Umntu ububandezwayo ilungelo ukusebenza. Siyasebenza ukuvalelwa entolongweni isithuba seminyaka 7.

Isohlwayo zokunyoba

A ulwaphulo-mthetho kurhulumente, umzekelo leyo kungabonwa imihla yonke iindaba - ukunyoba. Isohlwayo ukunyoba ibandakanya isohlwayo kunye / okanye entolongweni.

iintlobo ezininzi amacala urhulumente abe ngokucaciswa olucacileyo uxanduva kunye nesohlwayo namanyathelo.

Kwimeko apho kukho umntu eligunyazisiweyo, igosa langaphandle okanye igosa lombutho woluntu sezizwe lifumana isicengo ngokusebenzisa umthetheli okanye umntu ngendlela lodibaniso lwemali, amaxwebhu ezixabisekileyo, impahla ngohlobo iinkonzo mthethweni okanye iinkonzo ethwele uhlobo impahla ubabalo zomntu unika isicengo, oko baya kohlwaywa yi isohlwayo. ubungakanani esihle isusela ukusuka engange million 1. Kwakhona, i entle kuba olulingana nesixamali umvuzo kangangexesha ukuya kwiminyaka-2, okanye isixa-mali esilingana amaxesha 10-50 ubungakanani sicengo. Oku ithatha nokungalali ilungelo lokufuna umsebenzi kwindawo ethile yaye zenze izinto ezithile (zinciphise ixesha - ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emithathu). Izohlwayo angamelwa yabasebenzi oluleko isithuba seminyaka omnye ukuya kwemibini. Umntu ndayihluthwa ilungelo lokufuna umsebenzi izikhundla ezithile yaye zenze izinto ezithile ukuze kwexesha ubuncinane leminyaka ukuya ku-3. Oqeshwe kwenkcazo yomsebenzi ngebhaxa isithuba ukuya kwiminyaka-5. Ubonelela ukuhluthwa amathuba ukubamba izikhundla okanye enze umsebenzi ethile isithuba seminyaka ukuya ku-3. Kwakhona entolongweni kunokwenzeka isithuba ukuya kwiminyaka emi-3 ukususela kwi inhlawulo ebekwe. Izohlwayo ukuze ulingana izihlandlo ezilishumi okanye amaxesha amabini ubungakanani amaqhinga.

ngenxa kakubi isohlwayo mali

Mthetho olujoliswe urhulumente, iimfuno benkonzo karhulumente ngohlobo inkcitho karhulumente ithetha izidanga ezahlukeneyo isohlwayo.

Inkcitho yemali mali ngeenjongo ukuba musa ukukhawulelana neemeko apho zifikile ukuvelisa utyikityo, luqikelela, izizathu imali, isaziso ulwabiwo-mali, nto leyo iye abazenza isikali ingakumbi elikhulu, sono silingenwe isohlwayo.

imali entle evela engange-100 000 ukuya 300 000. okanye lilingane kubungakanani umvuzo okanye enye ingeniso kwithuba ukususela kunyaka-1 ukuya kwiminyaka emi-2. Kananjalo zinokusetyenziswa kwisigwebo ngebhaxa. Ixesha imisebenzi enjalo - ukuya kwiminyaka emibini. Kulo mzekelo, umntu ndayihluthwa ilungelo lokubamba izikhundla ezithile okanye ukuqhuba imisebenzi ethile. ixesha isithintelo kunokuba ulingana kwiminyaka emithathu. Ngapha koko, oko kubalelwa ixesha entolongweni iminyaka emibini ukuya kufuna umsebenzi kunye umlomo kwizikhundla ezithile okanye ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ixesha leminyaka emi-3.

Concept kunye iintlobo zolwaphulo kurhulumente nokulungiselela uxanduva lokuba iqela labantu abathe benza isenzo mthethweni.

Ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga imali koqingqo-mali iqela labantu ngokwesivumelwano kwangaphambili (isivumelwano) okanye ubusela ngesixa ingakumbi enkulu isohlwayo uya kuba isohlwayo. ubungakanani bayo ekungabonini engange ukususela 200 000 ukuya 500 000. Izohlwayo ukuze ulinganiswa umvuzo okanye nayiphi na enye ingeniso. Ixesha apho isixa lirhoxisiwe yiminyaka 1-3. Kananjalo zisetyenziswe kwixesha ngebhaxa ukuya kwiminyaka 5 ilungelo elongezelelweyo mababe kwizikhundla ezithile okanye enze ezinye uhlobo yomsebenzi ixesha ukuya kwiminyaka emi-3. entolongweni kufuneka isicelo iminyaka ukuya ku-5 kunye ukuhluthwa ilungelo lokufuna umsebenzi kwi kwizikhundla ethile okanye ukwenza umsebenzi othile.

yobukhulu enkulu amacala kurhulumente, umdla inkonzo nguye imali evela nebhajethi, zingaphezu kwezigidi ikhulu elinamanci amahlanu amawaka (1 500 000 miri.). Uvumela ubungakanani ingakumbi elikhulu kwezigidi ezisixhenxe mahlanu amawaka (engange 7.500.000.).

Ukongeza ulwazi okungamanga

(. Xa ngokungqinelana neSiqendu 285 soMthetho i-Criminal Code) ubugebengu ngokuchasene norhulumente, iimfuno benkonzo karhulumente ngohlobo feed kwi State kwiRejista elidityanisiweyo yolwazi esazi zobuxoki luphawulwa:

• ukuqaliswa ulwazi lobhaliso, nto leyo eyaziwa kwi unreliability kwangaphambili;
• ukuphunyezwa manga lwamaxwebhu ukuba isiseko amangeno lobhaliso;
• manga kwamaxwebhu, ebangela utshintsho kwiirejista;
• lomqhubi zamaxwebhu isiseko ungeno kwi kwirejista karhulumente, ingakumbi ukuba yokugcina amaxwebhu ayimfuneko kwaye emiselwe ngumthetho;
• intshabalalo lwamaxwebhu ukuba isiseko utshintsho lobhaliso.

Unxulumano isohlwayo kunye nolwaphulo

amagosa karhulumente uyavumelana nengcamango, ocacisa ukuba iqondo isohlwayo kufuneka azixhomekekanga kuphela kwi ubungqongqo ulwaphulo-mthetho. isohlwayo Sane kufuneka uqhubeke ukusuka kwinto yokuba zicaciswa gca kuwiso-mthetho. Ukuqinisekisa sikhokelo esemthethweni olululo nolufanelekileyo kuyimfuneko ngumthetho ukumisela isohlwayo bumandundu.

Akunakuphepheka isohlwayo, kwakunye uxanduva kubasebenzi baya kuba negalelo ekutshabalaliseni into efana ityala nxamnye amandla karhulumente.