Isiganeko sokuqala kwamandla yiSoviet kummandla wezoqoqosho: imbali, inkcazelo kunye neziphumo

Long ngaphambili, xa amanyathelo wokuqala wokugcina amandla eSoviet lwenziwa kuqoqosho, inkqubo theoretical component yezopolitiko yaya kwizigaba ezininzi zophuhliso. KwiBolsheviks ayexhasa kakhulu iimbono ekhohlo-iphiko, yaye izimvo zabo nabangekafumani kuphunyezwa nakweliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini. Ngoko ke, izenzo zabo yobume nokuhlola.

Emibonweni xa kuthelekiswa uqoqosho endala

KwiBolsheviks ngelo eqeqesha karhulumente emva revolution Petrograd. Lokufakwa lakwaWinter Palace iphela capital Russian sakhatshwa ingcinezelo nxamnye abaxhasi kwiriphabliki. Kude ekupheleni kweMfazwe Civil, izigqibo ezingundoqo kubanjiswa iqela, Vladimir uLenin uLeon noTrotsky. ngongoma zenze ukuba kube kwikomkhulu labo Smolny, apho, nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yabo.

Isiganeko sokuqala ngamandla eSoviet lwenziwa ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokuba mdibi. Ngokwekhalenda elitsha, apho uqalise khona kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, esitratweni emi Novemba 7, 1917, xa kwenziwa isaziso malunga ekuqaleni phantsi kwesizwe kwamashishini kunye nezibonelelo zendalo eli lizwe.

Ngokutsho Leninist abaci abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, ipropati yonke, ngaloo ndlela ocande ezandleni zabantu (okanye mandithi, isigaba). Enyanisweni, oko kukuthi, Kakade ke, hayi kwakunjalo. Lo mhlaba waba yoluntu. Isiganeko sokuqala urhulumente waseSoviet kuye kwanikelwa ingqalelo imfuneko likhuthaza bonke ubuncwane Petrograd kunye nemimandla ezilawulwa ukuqinisekisa uloyiso kwiBolsheviks kumzabalazo kwabo bamelene kwezopolitiko.

izenzo ingcinezelo yaye confiscatory ukuba yenzeka ngexesha leMfazwe Civil, babizwa "imfazwe ubukomanisi." Akuzange kube kuphela imithetho enxulumene uqoqosho, kodwa nemimiselo, yenzelwe umkhosi, njalo njalo D..

Ukuba imizi egcina imali

Ixhoba abazisa iinkonkxa phantsi kwesizwe ngentsimbi. Party kubalulekile ukufumana imali kangangoko kunokwenzeka, leyo ke kuchithwa kwi imfazwe. Bank State use eSt Petersburg, yathinjwa ngobusuku yokuqala revolution, xa ibutho lamajoni noomatiloshe atyhoboza, angena kulo yokwakha amaziko, kwaye athimba yonke lwemali. Inyanga yokuqala yolo picture ugly zinokubonakala kuzo zonke iinkalo eyinkunzi.

KwiBolsheviks egwetyelwe yena izenzo zabo imithetho eyamkelwe retroactively. Kuphela ngoDisemba, kwabakho umthetho leBhunga Commissars Abantu, njengoko apho zipheliswe ngokusesikweni iibhanki ezinkulu - wabanumzana loMhlaba kunye nabalimi koMhlaba. Baye asekwa ngexesha lokulawula Alexander III waza wanika mboleko kubanini balana. Ngala mboleko, abalimi abaninzi bakwazi ukuyila ukusuka ekuqaleni kwifama yakho ukuze sifudukele eSiberia kwinkqubo Stolypin. bank iingangamsha akaba saba khona ngenxa yesizathu esilula ukuba izikhulu njengeklasi lwentlalo ke ibhangayo omnye ummiselo SNK. Mboleko kumafama kuyalahleka ukufaneleka kwabo yimfazwe.

yemali

ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, iibhanki abasekho ube ngumthombo mali ezongezelelweyo ukulungiselela iqela. Ngoko ke, isiganeko yokuqala elalisakuba yiSoviet emva kokubona iingxaki zoqoqosho walala kohluthwa olunzulu kwemali evela abantu jikelele. Ukususela akhawunti zabantu isuswe imali eninzi, kwakunye athatha amatye anqabileyo - igolide nesilivere. Bank State zinikwe isixa akukho ngaphezu engange-500.

Noko ke, le 'ukuhlehla' nabantu yajika ngamampunge. Ngenxa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye Civil eqhubekayo eRashiya waqala emali. Ruble devalued emehlweni, ngoko akukho ukusetyenziswa imali eseleyo kwi labemi kungekho ngaphezulu.

Capture imboni

Esinye isifundo esibalulekileyo yaba phantsi kwesizwe zamashishini lizwe. Apha, waba nokuba nzima ngakumbi le meko. Ingxaki yayikukuba ngexesha ishishini Russian Tsarist kwi ukumkani wadala kwaye kuphuhliswa ngeendleko capital amazwe. Yaba into eqhelekileyo ezinxulumene ukudityaniswa kuqoqosho lwasekhaya kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Umzekelo, ukuba ngoosomashishini British sityale imali eninzi kuphuhliso seDonetsk amalahle sokuhlambela, apho kwakukho izityalo mihla esinamanani amakhulu emisebenzi.

The First World War ayikwazanga tufwile abenzi basemzini, kodwa yaba isenzeko jikelele. Ekugqibeleni Februwari Revolution phantsi nentembelo uzinzo abanini karhulumente. Yaqala ukuphapha eyinkunzi, ezingenakulinganiswa ame iimpawu ezihlawula imarike Russian (umzekelo, abasebenzi cheap).

of ukugalela capital yabucala

Kwiinyanga ezintathu zokuqala wobukumkani bakhe, amaKomanisi uhulumeni phantse eziliwaka amashishini. Abaninzi kubo ziinkedama ize ishiywe. Bayahlelwa oonyana kwisigaba ngasinye zemveliso ixoxwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngommiselo. NgoMeyi kwafika imimiselo phezu kwesizwe kwishishini iswekile, kwaye ngoJuni, isigqibo efanayo wasiwa kwi kwiinkampani ze-oyile. Kukuwa inani mveliso kunye nezityalo, ezifunyenwe ngamandla yiSoviet, xa isondela uphawu ishumi lamawaka.

Le nabanini babucala zangaphambili awazanga afumane naluphi imbuyekezo emva kokuthathwa impahla yakhe. Oku kwabangela ngoosomashishini ndaba andikezi ubuso ngobuso kunye obumiselweyo kwiBhunga lezoQoqosho Ephakamileyo, nje ukuba babaleke kweli lizwe. Le panic longxowankulu wakhokela amanyathelo wokuqala wokugcina amandla Soviet. Imbali loshishino labucala eRashiya iphela, ngoku lixesha lokuba enye emibonweni kuqoqosho.

isabelo Food

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi yanyanzela urhulumente tsarist ukubhenela ekuqalisweni lodwa okuziinkozo kunye surplus. Isiganeko sokuqala ngamandla yiSoviet kule ndawo liqulunqe le nkqubo, nto leyo ilizwe yindlala. nabalimi isabelo Ukutya unyanzelekile ukuba anike inxalenye karhulumente lokuvuna yabo. Ukonakala le meko ngaphambili kwaye kwaqhambuka imfazwe yamakhaya lwehlisa umxhesho wahlala belali. Le abahlala kwimimandla apho ekulweni obomvu nge emhlophe, ubunzima kakhulu. Kukho amaxesha xa izihlandlo omnye uqoqosho eziliqela bathinjwe zizo amaqela ezahlukeneyo ungquzulwano.

Ngaba imigangatho enzima kunikezelo isonka kunye neenkozwana. Amanyathelo yokuqala urhulumente waseSoviet kwezoqoqosho kuye kukhokelele ekubeni abalimi wahlala kuphela iindleko zokuphila. Ekuvunweni 1919 ubunzima ngakumbi xa athatha iitapile. Ukongeza, abalimi Wathabatha inyama exheliweyo iinkomo. Ngowe-1920, abantu belali zabandezwa phantse kuzo zonke izityalo. Uninzi imveliso athatha ukuphuma umkhosi, lo gama omnye kwamanye amazwe, yaye kuye inzuzo kwakhona ichithwa kwizinto zomkhosi.

Le ntlekele kwezolimo

Nge isivuno ngalinye abalimi engakuthandi ngakumbi. Enganeliseki esanda kuwo imvukelo, nto leyo zicinezelwa kabuhlungu yi-Red Army. Baphembeleli kunye nxaxheba emva koqhankqalazo badutyulwa njenge ekhawuntaleni-mbuso. Imvukelo yamahlwempu ezininzi kakhulu ngexesha leMfazwe Civil and Imfazwe nobuKomanisi waba Tambov, okanye Antonovskoe uphakamo (wabelithiyiwe igama lomnye neenkokeli intshukumo). Kubantu belali wajoyina baqhweshileyo Red Army kunye namajoni exhaphaza. Xa kwezithandani yemvukelo ngo-1920-1921 gg. ungavalelwa imikhosi omkhulu wamajoni, wakhokela uMikhail Tukhachevsky. In Tambov ukuba isetyenziswe kuqala ezifuywayo lezixhobo zeekhemikhali. Ezingaphezulu kwama-10 amawaka kumafama.

Amanyathelo zoqoqosho wokuqala wokugcina amandla yiSoviet entsimini kwezolimo kukhokelele ngendlala jikelele kweli lizwe. Ntlekele kakhulu into embi kummandla iVolga, apho ngo-1921-1922. yindlala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-40, malunga nezigidi ezi-5 abaye bafa.

Amanyathelo okuqala kwezoqoqosho urhulumente waseSoviet wafumana umlinganiswa lentlekele yesizwe. Oku kwenzeke ngenxa yokuba iiBolsheviks wathabatha iinguqu ezinkulu kakhulu kwi War Civil. Repartition kwezolimo, ukuba imizi egcina imali kunye noshishino zibe phantsi slogans engqongqo eceleni. Akukho inkcaso sane kule khosi wayengekho kurhulumente, yaye abemi anezikrokro akazange atyhwatyhwe ngenxa zocindezelo. Extraordinary Commission lifumene imvume ukubulawa ngokudutyulwa ngaphandle icala amacala "counter".

Kohluthwa impahla zebandla

Abenze ubuncwane lizwe, kwiBolsheviks babhenela kudliwa yonke into iza kuthengiswa. Ngenxa yendlala kwavela yaqalisa iphulo ukuba athimbe impahla ecaweni. Xa lomhlaba amanyathelo wokuqala wokugcina amandla eSoviet nje kuphela ukuphanga ngokubanzi, kodwa ke eyona ukutshatyalaliswa yeetempile. amanyathelo Economic ayehambisana ze nemfazwe yembono nxamnye "kubabingeleli."

impahla ebezibanjiwe yaba ukuya uncedo ezifa yindlala abantu kummandla iVolga, nangona bekungasoloko kunjalo. Ukufa Mass uluntu lwasemaphandleni yindlala wayesuke-nkqubo yezoqoqosho, inxalenye owayesakuba ubukomanisi imfazwe.

nep

imeko ebuhlungu lizwe emva kweMfazwe Civil kukhokelele uLenin ephazamisa eceleni. Waba umqalisi ye -nkqubo omtsha yezoqoqosho, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-nkqubo New Economic. Ikhosi yamkelwa ngokusesikweni liqela kwi X Congress ngowe-1921.

Kule meko, ingqiqo ka "amanyathelo wokuqala wokugcina amandla eSoviet" libhekisela nohlaziyo wemali. Ngenxa engange yakhe entsha waba lwemali ukuguqulelwa. Kwakhona irikhwizishini imiswa - oko indawo yerhafu uhlobo. Wayebalasele kukuba ngoku akukho kubanjwa 70% wengqolowa, nama-30%. La manyathelo wanceda ukuzinzisa le meko bafa kwezolimo.

Ziziphi amanyathelo wokuqala wokugcina amandla Soviet ngoko? capital Foreign utsaleleke, kwakunye nexesha wavumela ezinye kwiimarike kwezoqoqosho (iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini amancinane). Nep wazisa ilizwe ngaphandle lobunzima. Ngowe-1924, uLenin wafa, kunye nesiqalo nokufika i "ikhondo omtsha 'ngamandla kukaStalin irhoxisiwe. Kwakukho imbonakalo yoyilo yaye isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu, ezaba sisiseko kwenkqubo eSoviet.