Le nkqubo Economic New

1920 - oku elikhethekileyo kwimbali kwethuba eSoviet. Ngeli xesha, kwiBolsheviks kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuvumela ubukho ubudlelwane yemarike Ushintsho efakwe kwimbali njengoko lo Mgaqo-Economic Entsha (okanye nep). Yintoni isizathu sokuba olu tshintsho?

Ukuqala kunye neemeko

Ekuqaleni kuka-1921, igunya enyanisweni sele ezandleni iiBolsheviks. abahlaseli khutshelwa ngaphandle, intshukumo White kunye nomkhosi kazwelonke boyisiwe. Kodwa ukuba ugcwalise inzolo kweli lizwe kude. Kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo uze kwimvukelo anti-eSoviet kwavuka, esongela ubukho wolawulo eSoviet. Omnye wabo, Kronstadt, zabanjwa ngoMatshi 1921, kanye ngexesha yeshumi Congress of the RCP (b). Policy of War kobuKomanisi, nto leyo lula ukuba ye'Bolsheviks ngokwabo, kwakhokelela ukudinwa labantu ngokubanzi.

Ukubonisa utshintsho kwinkokheli eSoviet naye ngenxa yethemba ngenxa yentshukumo yehlabathi libunile, ngathi ikhephu kunyaka ophelileyo. Yenza le abandi ihlabathi zingavuki, zibawole ngeengalo, enyanisweni, nokuba kwafuneka ukuba bayeke yinxalenye yommandla pre-revolution eRashiya ngokuqaphela kokuzimela ziiriphabliki iBaltic, Poland eFinland. Ngoko ke, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba ukomeleza amandla kwintsimi yabo, ningathembi amaphulo amatsha yotshintsho olululo.

Zonke ezi zinto kwakhokelela nokwamkelwa yeshumi Congress of the RCP (b) isigqibo ukuya ku-nkqubo omtsha kwezoqoqosho. KwiBolsheviks kwafuneka lokuthambisa umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu kunye nokuvumela ushishino lwabucala. It sakhiwe umsebenzi kumashishini aphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente, ezibe ukukhokelwa kungabi kuko kunye nenzuzo. Ngenxa yoko, ngumongo nep yaba kukuba uqoqosho nesiqalo, nangona, kodwa ubudlelwane abambalwa kakhulu emarikeni.

Umongo kuphuculo

Ngoku, ngokufutshane ngento yonke le miba yokuhlaziya. Kwezolimo, loo Ukucelwa wabhangiswa, ekhangele ngakumbi ngathi ukuphanga, kunokuba irhafu. Endaweni yoko, yaqalisa werhafu ukutya erhafiswa kuqoqosho yamahlwempu ethile. ubungakanani bayo lilincinane kakhulu. Kamva, abalimi bavunyelwa ukuba lokuqeshisa umhlaba kwaye usebenzise abasebenzi eqeshiweyo. Kodwa ke umgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho omtsha kule lali zange ngoko nangoko bangavelisi siqhamo. Kwaye oku kuthintele indlala 1921-1923 kummandla iVolga nelasezantsi Ukraine, kwaye inani elikhulu ezibizwa kwi abalimi. NgoMatshi 1922, urhafiso emaphandleni zihambisane ngokuthi unike irhafu eyodwa uhlobo iya kubalwa poods rye.

Xa imizi-nkqubo omtsha kwezoqoqosho, kakhulu, ukuba izise ezininzi iinguqu. Ngokukodwa, Isisombululo ezamahala yorhwebo. Kwakukho ezininzi ukutshintshiselana yorhwebo neempahla. Kwazeka oko kuyenzeka ukuba wenze noshishino labucala - ekhaya okanye yezandla imveliso. amashishini orhwebo amancinci kunye naphakathi ngokuyinxenye babuyela abanini zabo zangaphambili. Kwakhona wavunyelwa ukuba ukuqasha mveliso zikarhulumente. Ilungelo sokuqashisa inkampani wafumana ngabemi kuphela eSoviet, kodwa noosomashishini amazwe. Njengoko kwicandelo likarhulumente, kukho zidaliwe yokudibanisa namashishini karhulumente-- i trust. Kodwa emizini kuphuculo zange ngoko nangoko wahamba kakuhle. Ngapha koko, beza kunye nobudlelwane kwiimarike kunye nemali, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nentswela-ngqesho. Ngoko ke, emizini USSR kwaye kumazwe nkulu, ugwayimbo waqala ezinokuvela emsebenzini. Le ntlekele lokuqala kakhulu yaqhambuka entwasahlobo ka-1923 ngenxa isikere ixabiso ebizwa ngokuba xa iindleko kwempahla eveliswe lwalulude kwezolimo. Ngenxa yoko, abalimi baqalisa bebeka iimveliso zabo, ukuze ayinike ngelize. Ukuze kuthintelwe izixholoxholo kweli lizwe, inkokheli yamaBolshevik wagqiba ukunciphisa amaxabiso impahla eyenziweyo.

Impumelelo kunye nokuphikisana

Kanti ke, nangona inani ephikisanayo, umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha kwezoqoqosho azale iziqhamo. Ngo-1925, ishishini elikhulu-scale iye yakwazi ukufikelela izinga pre-imfazwe kwimveliso. Kunye nokunyusa amazinga imveliso yezolimo. Ukuqaliswa kwe yelizwe ozinzileyo - lukhuselekile zegolide - anceda ekomelezeni uqoqosho.

Noko ke, ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho yayo, umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha ukuphikisana ezahlukeneyo neentsilelo. Isakhiwo sezopolitiko karhulumente ayitshintshanga: amandla, njengokuba ngaphambili, wahlala ezandleni kwiBolsheviks. Oosomashishini ukuvela ngexesha nep, kungekho amalungelo ezopolitiko. Ewe, nomsebenzi wawo eyanele: zonke amashishini amakhulu, urhwebo lwangaphandle, zebhanki, ezothutho, wahlala phantsi kolawulo karhulumente. Kwaya kucaca ukuba nep - yinto nje kwiBolsheviks ngumlinganiselo wexeshana, hayi ezizinzileyo kunye umgaqo-nkqubo kwixesha elide.