Yesayensi Non-classical: ukwakheka, imigaqo, iimpawu

Ukuvela zenzululwazi umbono wethu banamhlanje - inkqubo entsha noko ukuba ufuna ukufunda rhoqo. KumaXesha Aphakathi kwakungekho into enjalo njengoko iimeko zentlalo kuphuhliso yesayensi akukho ndlela negalelo. Umnqweno ukunika zonke izinto ezinzulu ingcaciso olwamkelweyo ezikhoyo kwavela XVI-XVII iinkulungwane., Xa ulwazi ihlabathi indlela nesabelo bulumko nenzululwazi. Kwaye oko nje kwasekuqaleni - ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye notshintsho kwimbono yabantu ngokungaphelelanga utshintsho inzululwazi classical nonclassical, uze postnonclassical apho.

Ezi mfundiso ke ngokuyinxenye indawo ingqikelelo lenzululwazi lakudala kwaye kuphela yayo. Ngenxa ukuvela lenzululwazi non-classical kubekho ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ukuze ihlabathi, kwakukho ukusungulwa data ezintsha zovavanyo. Uphononongo lwe ngezenzeko zendalo safudukela kwinqanaba elitsha.

Ingcaciso lenzululwazi non-classical

sigaba Non-classical yophuhliso inzululwazi weza XIX ngasekupheleni - mid kwekhulu XX. Waba nokuqhubekeka ubhalo uhuhamba yakudala, leyo kweli xesha ibikade lunengxaki ndlela kwande. Loo revolution lwenzululwazi wesithathu, ezichaphazela Global wayo. yesayensi Non-classical uceba ukuqonda izinto, kungekhona into ezinzileyo, kwaye bazipase ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lomnqamlezo-icandelo beengcamango ezahlukeneyo, iindlela kunye nemigaqo izifundo umbono.

Kukho umbono osibonayo yonke inkqubo nenzululwazi yendalo: ukuqonda uhlobo izinto ezinzulu hayi njengento ngokuthathwa lula, njengokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Izazinzulu ziye wathembisa ukuba abaphathe ezintsokothe nokwenza inyaniso iingcaciso ezahlukeneyo, ngenxa yokuba ngamnye kubo abe okuziinkozo ikhoyo ulwazi njongo. Ngoku bafunde isifundo inzululwazi alukho uhlobo yayo kutshintsha, kwaye ingakumbi kwiimeko zentlalo. Funda isifundo esinye kwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke iziphumo zokugqibela akwazi ayifani.

Nemigaqo yenzululwazi non-classical

nemigaqo yenzululwazi non-classical kwamkelwa, ezibe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukungaphumeleli iinxa zonke ngokugqithiseleyo kakhulu kwinzululwazi yamandulo, zanikela ukuthatha umxholo njengento rhoqo, elizimeleyo indlela yolwazi.
2. Ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi iimpawu into kophando, kwaye ingakumbi izenzo kwenziwa isifundo.
3. Imbono lobudlelwane njengesiseko Ukumisela inkcazo Injongo yale iipropati into, nakwihlabathi ngokubanzi.
4. Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko nophando kunye kwezinto, ekhethekileyo, complementarity quantized kunye namathuba.

Izifundo ziye ngokubanzi bafudukela ingqiqo multifactor elitsha: Ukuyekwa bohlukaniswe kwisifundo yezifundo ukuze "ukusulungeka olu lingelo" ngakwicala yokuqhuba uhlolo olubanzi kwindawo olutshintshayo.

Iimpawu isicelo lenzululwazi

Formation lenzululwazi non-classical iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ezilungelelaniswe ngayo kwimbono zehlabathi lokwenene:

• Kuninzi ukuzilolonga, kuquka iinzululwazi zendalo, intanda-non-classical kwenzululwazi baqalisa ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo.
• Ukufunda uhlobo yento anikwe ixesha ngakumbi, lo umphandi usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye ukhuphela impefumlelwano izinto kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Into kunye nomxholo yokufunda zibe ezihambelanayo ngakumbi.
• Komeleza ubudlelwane kunye nomanyano ngemvelo izinto zonke.
• Liseke indlela ethile, ngokusekelwe ngoonobangela isenzeko, hayi kuphela embonweni ngomatshini zehlabathi.
• Dissonance kubonwa izinto eziphambili iimpawu ngokwendalo (umz, umahluko phakathi nencum quantum kunye yamasuntswana izakhiwo ezilula).
• A indima ekhethekileyo udlalwa nxamnye ezingashukumiyo kwizifundo ezinamandla.
• indlela ezintweni yokucinga wanika indlela eya dialectical, isebenziseka ngakumbi.

Emva kokuba ukuqaliswa ingqikelelo non-classical inzululwazi ehlabathini ziye ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo obusuka ukusuka XIX ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Bona awangeni kwindawo emisiweyo kwinzululwazi weklasiki, ngoko ngokupheleleyo iimbono ezitshintshileyo abantu behlabathi. Ukususela ingcamango engundoqo eli xesha ukubazi ngakumbi.

imfundiso Darwin yendaleko

Enye ngenxa ukwamkelwa lenzululwazi non-classical yaba umsebenzi omkhulu Charles Darwin, izixhobo kunye nophando apho waqokelela ukususela 1809 ukuya 1882. Ngoku le mfundiso isekelwe phantse zonke eziphilayo theoretical component. Yena systematized Iziluleko zakhe waza wafumanisa ukuba eyona miba ephambili kwinkqubo kwemvelo yofuzo zivunywa. Darwin lufumanise ukuba ukutshintsha umqondiso uhlobo kwinkqubo ngendaleko kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezithile kunye akunakuqinisekiswa. Ezinye wabumba phantsi kwempembelelo lokusingqongileyo, oko kukuthi, kunye nefuthe ezifanayo iimeko zendalo uninzi abantu ngokutshintsha iimpawu zazo (Ebubanzini ulusu okanye idyasi, nombala, njalo njalo). Ezi zinto encomekayo kuzo indalo kwaye ayihambi kwisizukulwana esilandelayo.

khona utshintsho esingachazwanga phantsi kwempembelelo ngeemeko zokusingqongileyo, kwenzeka ngokungakhethiyo kodwa abanye abantu. Kakhulu njengelifa. Ukuba tshintsho kuluncedo iintlobo, kubhaliwe ezisisigxina inkqubo yokukhethwa zendalo, kwaye idluliselwe kwizizukulwana ezizayo. UCharles Darwin wabonisa ukuba zazivelela kufuneka ifundwe kusetyenziswa iintlobo ngeentlobo imigaqo kunye neengcamango, ndiqhuba iintlobo yokufunda indalo nawazibonayo. Umqala wamantla ayo ukuba avuthele-lubangelwe iinkolelo zonqulo ngendalo ngelo xesha.

imfundiso Einstein kaThixo ka

Ukuvulwa elandelayo ezibalulekileyo kwendlela lenzululwazi non-classical idlale indima enkulu. Sithetha malunga nomsebenzi ka-Albert Einstein, owathi ngo-1905 wapapasha imfundiso le kwezinto zamaqumrhu. kubume bayo kukufundela isindululo kwamaziko ezihambayo xa kuthelekiswa omnye kunye ngesantya esingaguqukiyo. Wachaza ukuba kulo mzekelo ndiyabona ngokungachanekanga umzimba ngamnye njengesakhelo of reference - kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele izinto xa kuthelekiswa omnye komnye yaye ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo isantya kunye nesikhokelo zombini izinto.

Ithiyori Einstein, kukho 2 imigaqo esisiseko:

1. Umgaqo ka. Ithi kuzo zonke iinkqubo reference eqhelekileyo, ihamba xa kuthelekiswa omnye komnye ngesantya efanayo ngendlela efanayo ziya kusebenza imithetho efanayo.
2. Umgaqo ngesantya sokukhanya. Xa ukukhanya oko isantya iphezulu, oko kunto-nye zonke izinto kunye neziganeko ze akuxhomekekanga kwisantya yeentshukumo zabo. Isantya lokukhanya kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Albertu Eynshteynu nodumo bazisa nokuzinikela ekubeni zenzululwazi zovavanyo kunye kukusilela kolwazi theoretical component. Uye wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lenzululwazi non-yamandulo.

I Heisenberg Ukungaqiniseki Principle

Ngowe-1926, Heisenberg yaphuhliswa ingcamango yakhe umyinge wakhe, litshintsha ukuzalana macrocosm ehlabathini izinto njengesiqhelo. Le ndlela jikelele umsebenzi wakhe kuphela ukuba iimpawu ukuba iliso babantu abangaboniyo sebenzisa (umzekelo, ukuhamba kunye indlela amasuntswana atomic), xa izibalo musa ziquka. Kwindawo yokuqala kuba electron enambuzelayo, kwaye yamasuntswana kwaye zibe ngumtshangatshangiso. Kwinqanaba eziphilayo nayiphi na intsebenziswano lwento kunye nesifundo, utshintsho nokuhamba amasuntswana atomic, nto leyo akafumaneki.

Izazinzulu bathatha ukudlulisela kwindawo classical yokucingela isindululo kwamasuntswana kule nkqubo yobalo emzimbeni. Wayekholelwa ukuba izibalo kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela amanani abo ezinxulumene ngqo ne zokubhala into ithi, uhambo phakathi kwamazwe, nokukhanya okubonakalayo. Ukuthatha umgaqo imbalelwano, kwaba matrix yamanani, apho ixabiso ngalinye unikwe inombolo yayo. Nganye ungeno kwi theyibhile ingezantsi urhulumente izinzile okanye non-emileyo (akutshintsho ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye). Ukubala kufuneka aveze xa kuyimfuneko, evela kwinani le element nemeko yayo. yesayensi Non-classical kunye neempawu zayo ziye inkqubo yokunika amanqaku, apho kuqinisekiswa yi Heisenberg lula kakhulu.

Hypothesis of the Big Bang

Umbuzo njani indalo esibe ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke kwaye oko kuya kwenzeka emva, njalo ndinexhala kunye nenkxalabo ngoku izazinzulu kuphela, kodwa abantu abaqhelekileyo. sigaba Non-classical kuphuhliso inzululwazi uvule luguqulelo oluphambi imvelaphi yempucuko. Le ngcamango adumileyo Big Bang. Kakade ke, le yenye yezona yeengcinga ingenzeka kwehlabathi, kodwa izazinzulu ezininzi siyaqiniseka uphila njengoko uguqulelo kuphela esichanekileyo ukubonakala ebomini.

Kakuhle eli hypothesis ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: yonke indalo yonke imixholo yawo ngaxeshanye yavela ngenxa dubulo 13 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. De kube lelo xesha, akukho nto - kuphela ibhola nje indawo ye mba, nokuba lobushushu obungenasiphelo mninzi. Ngaxa ethile ibhola baqala ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza, kwakukho ikhefu, yaye kukho yonke siyazi yaye ukufuna ngenkuthalo. Le hypothesis kwakhona ichaza oonobangela solwandiso iphela kunokwenzeka yaye ucacisa nzulu zonke izigaba eyalandela Big Bang: ukwanda lokuqala, ukupholisa kunye ukubonakala ngamafu izinto zamandulo, ukuqalisa ukuyilwa iinkwenkwezi ziwe. Konke ekhoyo kweli hlabathi mba wadalwa ngenxa a yesiqalo onzima.

Intlekele Theory Rene Toma

Ngowe-1960, ingcali yezibalo French René Thom wavakalisa imfundiso yakhe ntlekele. Le Isazinzulu waqala kuguqula izibalo ngumkhuba ulwimi, apho isiphumo eqhubekayo ngalo mbandela okanye into idala japan discontinuous. theory Kwakhe kusivumela ukuba siqonde imvelaphi utshintsho kwaye luyenyuka kwi iinkqubo, nangona iyafika zezibalo.

Isivamvo kwezi zilandelayo: Nayiphi na imo yokuphumla isitali, apho usesikhundleni isitali, okanye ezinye kuluhlu lwabo. Xa inkqubo ezinzileyo ubethwa ngaphandle, amandla alo liza ezijolise ekuthinteleni oku. Ngaphezu koko, oko kuya kuzama ukubuyisela kwindawo yayo yoqobo. Xa uxinzelelo kwinkqubo yaba negalelo kakhulu ukuba urhulumente ngokuthe akayi kuba nako ukuza emva, apho kuya kubakho utshintsho avela. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yamkela urhulumente omtsha okuthe ezahlukeneyo ukususela ekuqaleni.

Ngoko ke, le ndlela iye yabonisa ukuba akukho Sciences zobugcisa ezingezo-classical kuphela, kodwa kwizibalo. Banceda ukuba siqonde ihlabathi akukho ngaphantsi kwezinye imithambo.

isayensi postnonclassical

Livela lenzululwazi post-nonclassical kubangelwe jump enkulu kuphuhliso lwezixhobo ulwazi kunye nokusebenza agcina kunye nokugcinwa. Kwathi kwi-imi- 70 lwekhulu XX, xa iikhompyutha okokuqala, yaye lonke ulwazi aqokelelwe kwakufuneka ukuba zitshintshwe zibe uhlobo elektroniki. Waqala Uphuhliso olusebenzayo lweenkqubo zophando ezihlangeneyo ahlukeneyo, inzululwazi ngcembe kumanyana shishino.

Eli xesha iphawulwa kwinzululwazi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ngoyaba indima ngabantu kuvavanyo into okanye isenzeko. Inqanaba iphambili phambili yenzululwazi na ingqiqo kwihlabathi njengoko kwinkqubo emanyanisiweyo. Kwathi orientation kumntu, hayi nje kuphela kweli ekukhetheni iindlela zophando, kodwa kulo mbono ngokubanzi yezentlalo nentanda-bulumko. Xa uphando postnonclassical into iba kwezinto ukuba ingaqala ngokuzimeleyo, kunye izakhiwo zendalo, nto leyo yonganyelwe umntu.

Kuba isisekelo wamkelwa ukuqonda ingqibelelo, apho yonke indalo, biosphere, abantu kunye noluntu luphela zenza inkqubo enye. Umntu ngaphakathi kule yunithi ezifunekayo. Yena uphonononga indima yawo. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, iinzululwazi zendalo nezoluntu lisondele kakhulu, imigaqo zawo nezoluntu. yesayensi Non-classical nasemva nonclassical wenze impumelelo nemigaqo ekuqondeni kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye inkampani ethile, luvelise revolution ezingqondweni zabantu kunye nendlela ukufunda.

bezenzululwazi

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX kwabakho idabi entsha kuphuhliso kunye nokuqala yophuhliso inzululwazi yayo mihla nonclassical. Developed uxhulumaniso yokufakelwa zemithambo, ezaba sisiseko ukuze kwakhiwe iikhompyutha ezintsha smart. Oomashini ukuba siyisombululile iingxaki ezilula kunye nokuphuhlisa yawo, sifudukele imisebenzi enzima kakhulu. Le database sikwabandakanya systematization le umba wabantu kunceda ukuqinisekisa impumelelo ukubona ubukho kweenkqubo zeengcali.

yesayensi Non-classical nasemva nonclassical ngendlela jikelele mihla abe neempawu zilandelayo:

1. nokusasazwa elikhutheleyo iingcinga zoluntu kunye ingqibelelo, yethuba uphuhliso oluzimeleyo yezinto kunye izenzakalo naluphi na uhlobo. Sixhasa ingcamango kwihlabathi njengenkqubo uphuhliso lonke ukuba ngexesha elifanayo utyekelo Ukungazinzi chaos.
2. Ukomeleza kunye nokusasazwa ebanzi ingcamango eguqula iindawo kwinkqubo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye conditioner enye. UPawulos zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo ehlabathini, le mbono sele iqalile ukufunda kunye nokuqonda chavelela jikelele.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo zonke iinzululwazi ingqikelelo yexesha, abaphandi isibheno imbali isenzeko. Ukusasazeka ngobhalo yophuhliso.
4. Utshintsho kwi ukhetho yohlobo uphando, imbono ngendlela ehlanganisiweyo nasekufundweni kakhulu athembekileyo.
5. Kokudibana ihlabathi injongo kunye nehlabathi ngabantu, kubulawe umahluko phakathi kwisifundo kunye nenjongosenzi. Umntu ngaphakathi kwinkqubo phantsi isifundo, hayi ngaphandle.
6. Ukuqonda ukuba umphumo nayiphi na indlela esebenza inzululwazi nonclassical sinqongophele kwaye njengezingaphelelanga ukuba indlela enye kuphela asetyenziswe kwesi sifundo.
7. Ukusasazwa intanda njenge inzululwazi kuzo zonke mithambo. Ukuqonda ukuba intanda - umanyano ekuqaleni ithiyori kwaye aluncedo lo iphela yaye ngaphandle kwakhe ngqalelo na uluvo akunakwenzeka bezenzululwazi.
8. Ukuphunyezwa izibalo e iithiyori zenzululwazi, ukuqinisa kunye nokukhula okuqonda abstract. Ukwandisa ukubaluleka imathematika azo, njengoko uninzi iziphumo zophando kufuneka ukuba uchaze ngendlela lwamanani. Inani elikhulu kwiingcingane kwakhokelela ekubeni inzululwazi iye yaba uhlobo uhlobo lwangoku lomsebenzi.

Izifundo yakutshanje iimpawu yenzululwazi non-classical bathi malunga buthathaka chu-sikhokelo engqongqo kokuthintela ngaphambili descriptiveness mpikiswano zenzululwazi. Kukhethwa inikwa indlela yokuqiqa non-esinengqiqo uqhagamshelwano yokucinga ubhalo kunye experiments. Ngelo xesha intelekelelo olwamkelweyo nangoku kakhulu, kodwa ke ndaqonda ngazo abstract kwaye kuxhomekeke ukuba kuqalwe kunye reinterpretation.