Moya yokulinga "Apollo-Soyuz". Imbali vaakelani va swi vuleke

Space ukuhlola - elo phupha, emi iingcinga zabantu abaninzi kangangamakhulu eminyaka. Ngaloo mihla akude xa abantu abone iinkwenkwezi nezinye izijikelezi, bethembele kuphela ngombono wakhe, wayefuna ukwazi ukuba yintoni harbor enzonzobileni ongenasiphelo abamnyama isibhakabhaka phezulu esimnyama. Amaphupha baqala ukuza yinyaniso kutshanje.

Phantse onke amagunya phambili isithuba nangoko yaqalisa uhlobo 'iingalo uhlanga "apha: izazinzulu uzamile ukufumana ngaphambi oogxa babo phambi kokuba izigqibo zabo nokuvavanya izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola isithuba. Noko ke, umsantsa kwakusekho: inkqubo "Apollo-Soyuz" wayeza ukubonisa ubuhlobo phakathi USSR kunye USA, ngokunjalo umnqweno kwabo ukusebenza kunye kwacaba indlela yokuba uluntu iinkwenkwezi.

Overview

igama elifinyeziweyo le nkqubo - ASTP. Flying yaziwa ngokuba "ukuxhawula kwisithuba". Ngokubanzi, i "Apollo-Soyuz" yaba lokuhlola flight ngenkalipho "Soyuz-19," yaye American "Apollo". Amalungu hambo kwafuneka ukoyisa iingxaki ezininzi, eyona ibaluleke kakhulu kuyo waba kwizitishi uyilo docking eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kwi "ajenda" ukuba ibekwe!

Eneneni, ukuba abafowunelwa yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi oososayensi Soviet kunye American baqalisa ngexesha ngokusesikweni kwe-Hewana yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu. Kwisivumelwano malunga yokuhlola eqhelekileyo, elinoxolo isithuba sangaphandle esayinwe 1962. Kwangaxeshanye, abaphandi bakwazi ukwabelana iziphumo iinkqubo ezithile iimbono kwishishini sithuba.

Intlanganiso yokuqala wabaphandi

YiSoviet Union kunye United States laqalisa intsebenziswano baba: uMongameli Academy of Sciences (AN), yayingeyiyo MV Keldysh, kwakunye ngumlawuli we-Arhente Aerospace kaZwelonke (ehlabathini eyaziwa ngokuba NASA) Dr. Payne.

kwintlanganiso yokuqala kwamagunya eUnited States eSoviet Union kwenzeka kokwindla 1970. umsebenzi american ikhokelwa nguMlawuli we-Centre elawulwa yi-Johnson Space Flight uGqirha R. Gilruth. Kwicala yiSoviet iye echotshelwa liBhunga iSifundo ka Space Administration International (inkqubo "Intercosmos") Academician B. N. Petrov. It Ngokukhawuleza kwasekwa amaqela joint zomsebenzi, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo yayisesokuxoxa amathuba kwiindibano ukusebenzisana iziphekepheke eSoviet kunye American.

Kunyaka olandelayo, sele e Houston, iye waququzelela intlanganiso entsha, leyo wakhokelelwa sele kwaziwa kuthi B. N. Petrov kunye R. Gilruth. Amaqela zayisithelisa iimfuno ezisisiseko iimpawu zolwakhiwo iziphekepheke swi, kwakunye elungelelanisiweyo ngokupheleleyo eliqela imiba enxulumene komgangatho kweenkqubo ubomi inkxaso. Ngoko ke waqalisa ukuba baxoxe amathuba ozakuzo kunye okwalandela docking amandla amaqela.

Njengoko ubona, inkqubo "Soyuz-Apollo", nto leyo unyaka ngokoyisa cosmonautics zehlabathi, babefuna uphononongo lokuba eninzi lwemithetho yeengxaki zopolitiko kunye nemimiselo.

Izigqibo malunga nokwenzeka moya joint swi

Ngowe-1972, emacaleni Soviet kwaye American kwakhona abaqalise intlanganiso ethe ngokubanzi systematized wonke umsebenzi owenziwe kwisithuba edlulileyo. Isigqibo sokugqibela malunga awushiye ekubalekeni joint swi iyancumisa ukuba lwenkqubo ekhethiweyo sele iinqanawa eziqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke wazalwa iprojekthi "Apollo-Soyuz".

Qala inkqubo

Kwaba ngo May 1972. A isivumelwano esiyimbali yasayinwa phakathi kwilizwe lethu yaye Melika, esinika ukuhlola joint elinoxolo emajukujukwini. Ukongeza, amaqela aye wagqiba kwicala zobugcisa yokumpompoza moya "Apollo-Soyuz". Eli xesha thimba ekhokelwa kwicala yiSoviet yaba Academician K. D. Bushuev, amaMelika wayemele uGqr G. Lunney.

Kuloo ntlanganiso, abayibona kunye neenjongo, impumelelo yayo iya kunikezelwa wonke umsebenzi:

• Iindlela zokulawula ehambelanayo uvavanyo ukuphunyezwa leenqanawa ukuhlangabezana esithubeni.
• Ukukhangela kwiimeko "entsimini" of docking esizenzekelayo manual.
• Testing and ukwanelisa nobuchwepheshe, eyenzelwe ukwenza oosomajukujuku utshintsho ezikhepheni.
• Ekugqibeleni, ukwenyuka yamava olukhulu kummandla moya ngokudibeneyo va swi. Xa "Soyuz-19" isiphekepheke zimi nge "Apollo", iingcali zifumene inani ingcaciso eluncedo, ukuba asetyenziswe kakhulu phakathi inkqubo US yamaYuda.

Nezinye iinkalo zomsebenzi

Iingcali, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ndandifuna ukunivavanya ithuba yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo indawo ngeenqanawa sele ebekwe, kwakunye ukuqhuba uvavanyo uzinzo kweenkqubo zonxibelelwano koomatshini ezahlukeneyo. Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukwenza uvavanyo ukusebenzisana phakathi kweenkqubo zolawulo mission eSoviet kunye American.

Nantsi indlela yokuphuhlisa iziganeko ngelo xesha:

• Ekupheleni kuka May 1975 kwaye kwabanjwa intlanganiso yokugqibela nixoxe ngemiba yentlangano. uxwebhu lokugqibela ukulungela epheleleyo yokusabela ityikityiwe. Kuye kwasayinwa: Academician VA Kotelnikov kwicala eSoviet, i amaMelika uxwebhu kuqiniselwa J. Lo .. umhla Launch wayezimisele July 15, 1975.
• Xa kanye 15 iiyure nemizuzu-20 ukusuka kwi Baikonur cosmodrome yaqaliswa ngempumelelo eSoviet "Soyuz-19".
• "Apollo" iqala ngoncedo rocket umthuthi "esinguSaturn-1B". Ixesha - Iiyure ezi-22 nemizuzu engama-50. Loqalo lwencopho - Cape Canaveral.
• Ngokusebenzisa iintsuku ezimbini emva kokugqitywa wonke umsebenzi wolungiselelo, iiyure 19 imizuzu 12 "Soyuz-19" ebekwe. Ngowe-1975 Wavuleka ixesha elitsha ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.
• Ngqo amathuba amabini "Union" ye ukujikeleza koMhlaba, i-docking omtsha "Soyuz-Apollo" kuthwalelwa phandle, emva koko inqwelo kwindawo amathuba amabini ngaphezulu. Emva kwexesha elithile, ifowuni saa ngokupheleleyo, bagqiba inkqubo yokufunda.

Ngokubanzi, ixesha moya ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ESoviet "Soyuz 19" wayekholelwa zanda iintsuku ezi-5, iiyure 22 imizuzu 31.
• "Apollo" wayekholelwa zibhabha iintsuku 9, iyure-1 nemizuzu 28.
• Xa imeko oluhamba iinqanawa olwenziwa kanye 46 iiyure nemizuzu 36.

nabasebenza

Kwaye ngoku lixesha lokuba ukukhumbula amagama amalungu crew iinqanawa yaseMelika kunye Soviet, nto leyo woyisa kobunzima obuninzi, baba nako ukuphumeza ngokuzeleyo onke amanqanaba le yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu isithuba.

crew American baba:

• Thomas Stafford. crew alimwi american. Ngusomajukujuku onamava, ukubhabha wesine.
• Vens Brand. Yena lenze lo mnqongo umyalelo, ukubhabha kuqala.
• UDonald Slayton. Yaba nguye lowo onoxanduva docking umsebenzi uxanduva, kananjalo ukubaleka yakhe yokuqala.

Ubume abasebenzi eSoviet zibandakanya oosomajukujuku zilandelayo:

• Alexei Leonov waba umphathi.
• Valery Kubasov waba eyayifakwe engineer.

sele Zombini cosmonauts yiSoviet waba ujikeleza kanye, ukuze lo moya "Soyuz-Apollo" yaba yesibini kubo.

Yintoni amalinge sele yenziwe ngexesha indiza joint?

• Umfuniselo lwenziwa, kunjalo ibandakanya isifundo ilanga: "Apollo" zivaliwe ukukhanya, ngelixa "Union 'ukufunda kwaye nokuchaza iimpembelelo ezivela kulo.
• UV Ukunciphisa wahlolwa apho iinqwelo umxholo elilinganisiweyo ioksijini atomic nitrogen komzila lomhlaba.
• Ukongezelela koko, baye amalinge eziliqela apho abaphandi lukhangelwe njani weightlessness, ukungabikho Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nezinye iimeko isithuba kuchaphazela ukuhamba izingqisho zebhayoloji apho.
• Kuba microbiologists umdla omkhulu kufundwa nokuhanjiswa nethuba inkqubo ezincinane phantsi kweemeko ikhaphukhaphu phakathi izithuthi ezimbini (nge-docking station).
• Ekugqibeleni, lo moya ka "Soyuz-Apollo" eye wavumela ukuba afunde iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwi ebuntsimbi kunye semiconductor izinto kwiimeko ezithile ezinjalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i "uyise" yale hlobo phando iye kakuhle aziwayo metallurgists K. P. Gurov, owoyiswayo ukubamba le misebenzi.

Ezinye iinkcukacha zobugcisa

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inqanawa US njenge gas ukuphefumla, ioksijini ecocekileyo, ngoxa inqanawa zakuleli emoyeni, ukwakhiwa kwayo iyafana naleyo Earth. Ngaloo ndlela, utshintsho ngqo kwemoto omnye Yayingekho. Ngokukodwa ukusombulula le ngxaki a gumbi yenguqu ekhethekileyo yaphehlelelwa ngokudibene ne umkhombe American.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kamva baseMerika babesebenzisa eli xesha yokusebenza xa kudalwa umnqongo lwabo kwenyanga. Xa ukutshintsha uxinzelelo kwi "Apollo" gqi kancinane, kwaye kwi "womanyano", ngokuchaseneyo, base- ngelixa bekhulisa isiqulatho oksijini umxube nokuphefumla kwi-40%. Ngenxa yoko, abantu ithuba lokuba abe kumnqongo yexeshana (phambi kokuba bangene emkhombeni yalapha) hayi ezisibhozo kwiiyure, imizuzu engama-30 kuphela.

Ngendlela, ukuba unomdla kweli bali, tyelela i Museum of Cosmonautics eMoscow. Kukho lo mxholo anikelwe ukuma enkulu.

Imbali Jikelele alawulwayo Space Flight

Eli nqaku alibonakali ngengozi yachukumisa phezu kwimbali vaakelani va swi. lonke Le nkqubo ichazwe apha ngentla bekuya kuba akunakwenzeka simiso, ukuba abambambi phambi-zophuhliso kule intsimi, amava leyo aqokelelwe eminyaka. Ngubani "iyilungisile indlela", imibulelo kubo wenza spaceflight kunokwenzeka swi?

Njengoko usazi, Aprili 12, 1961, isiganeko kwenzeka ukuba waba jikelele ngokwenene. Ngaloo mini, yamsusa moya swi uYuri Gagarin ababe- "Vostok" yeyokuqala ezimbalini zehlabathi.

Ilizwe yesibini eye yenziwa efanayo, baba eUnited States. isiphekepheke Lwabo "Mercury-Redstone 3", lwalingwa yi Alan ngumhambi, yaphehlelelwa nezijikeleza inyanga kamva, ngoMeyi 5, 1961. NgoFebruwari, yena Sanduluka Cape Canaveral sele "Mercury-Atlas 6", bethwele Dzhon Glenn.

Iirekhodi yokuqala impumelelo

kweminyaka emibini emva kokuba Gagarin kuqala yabhabhela umfazi emajukujukwini. Yaba Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. Yena labhabha yedwa enqanaweni "Vostok-6". Le sungula yenziwa Juni 16, 1963. E Melika, ummeli yokuqala besini wamhle, ehambele ujikeleza, Salli Rayd waba. Waba lilungu le crew engumxube, leyo lathumela 1983.

Sele March 18, 1965 sichithakele kwelinye inani: kwisikhewu esishiyiweyo Alexei Leonov. Umfazi wokuqala, lowo kwisithuba evulekileyo, iye uSvetlana Savitskaya, ngubani yaphunyezwa ngo-1984. Qaphela ukuba okwangoku abasetyhini ziqukiwe zonke ngaphandle Ngaphandle amabutho ISS, njengoko yonke ingcaciso eyimfuneko malunga amalungu omzimba imazi zaqokelelwa kwISithuba oosomajukujuku kuba ngokwasempilweni ezisengozini.

Lo moya mde

Nanamhla oku, i spaceflight elide eyodwa ingqalelo ukuhlala ubusuku-437 kwindledlana cosmonaut Valery Polyakov. Wahlala ababekhwele kweso "Uxolo" ukususela ngoJanuwari 1994 ukuya kuMatshi 1995. Ingxelo ye iseti eliqhelekileyo leentsuku wachitha orbit, kwakhona, woba ukuya cosmonaut yasekhaya - Sergei Krikalev.

Ukuba sithethe ngalo moya qela, malunga 364 iintsuku cosmonauts kunye oosomajukujuku flying ukususela kuSeptemba 1989 ukuya ku-Agasti 1999. Ekubeni singqiniwe ukuba umntu kuthiwa sisinde luyanyuka iMars. Ngoku abaphandi ajongene kakhulu ngale ngxaki wokuhambelana nangokwasengqondweni aba belungu bayehluthe kubo.

Ulwazi kwimbali flight kwisiphekepheke

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eli lizwe kuphela ukuba unalo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngempumelelo amava yokusebenza ye isithuba ngebhegi isiphekepheke othi "Space Shuttle" le United States. Lo moya yokuqala kwisiphekepheke kolu ngcelele, "Columbia" kwenzeka emva kweminyaka kanye amabini emva moya Gagarin kaThixo, Aprili 12, 1981. USSR kuqala kunye nexesha kuphela ngokusesikweni "Buran" ngo-1988. Loo moya ukhetheke yokuba senzeka indlela ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo, nangona okulinga kunokwenzeka yaye manual.

Lo mboniso, nto leyo ibonisa lonke ibali "ye kwisiphekepheke eSoviet", ibonisa Space Museum eMoscow. Sicebisa ukuba kutyelela njengoko kukho izinto ezininzi kangaka!

Komzila liphezulu kwindawo eliphezulu sicatshulwa ifikelela 1374 km lwafumaneka crew American ababekhwele kweso "Gemini 11". Kwathi emva ngo-1966. Ukongeza, i "shuttles" adla ngokusetyenziswa xa kulungiswa kunye nokugcinwa iteleskopu "Hubble", xa bathe benza namagqiza kakuhle entsonkothileyo swi kwintaba ephakame malunga 600 neekhilomitha. qho, ukubhabha komzila iziphekepheke ke ezinobude yeekhilomitha 200-300.

Qaphela ukuba ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ukusebenza "shuttles" ISS orbit ebegqwese leqela ubude neekhilomitha 400. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba shuttles bakwazi ukuvelisa kushenxa ngempumelelo ezinobude kweekhilomitha ezili-300 kuphela, kodwa isikhululo ngokwawo eziphakamileyo baba asihambelani kakhulu ngenxa ezixineneyo bendawo engqongileyo (kwimigangatho isithuba, kunjalo).

nokuba moya wenziwe ngaphaya ukujikeleza komhlaba?

Beyond ukujikeleza koMhlaba Yaphaphazela iinjongo inkqubo "Apollo" kuphela baseMelika xa zenziwa. Iziphekepheke ngo-1968 orbited inyanga. Qaphela ukuba ukususela ngoJulayi 16, 1969, amaMelika wenziwe inkqubo yabo inyanga, ngexesha apho lwaqhutywa "enyangeni kwe". Ekupheleni konyaka-1972, le nkqubo sele ziphelisiwe, nto leyo eyabangela ubhavumo kuphela American, kodwa izazinzulu eSoviet ngubani Wayevelana kunye noogxa babo.

Qaphela ukuba i-USSR kwakukho iinkqubo ezininzi ezifanayo. Nangona ukugqitywa phantse ngokupheleleyo abaninzi aba "ezilungileyo" ukuphunyezwa zabo azizingenisanga zamkelwe.

Okunye 'isithuba' eli lizwe

China waba amandla isithuba wesithathu. Kwathi-Oktobha 15, 2003, xa inqanawa "Shenzhou-5" wakhululwa ngomhla isibhakabhaka indawo. Ngokubanzi, inkqubo isithuba Chinese lisukela emva 70s zenkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa yonke loo moya ezicwangcisiweyo wayengavuswanga azenzileyo.

Ngasekupheleni-imi- 90 amanyathelo abo kweli cala yenziwa baseYurophu kunye yaseJapan. Kodwa iiprojekthi zabo ukuba baphuhlise iziphekepheke ngebhegi swi kwamiswa emva kweminyaka embalwa yophuhliso, njengoko eSoviet-Russian "Soyuz" kwaba lula, bekhuselekile yaye kungabinandleko, kubangele nangqiqo kwezoqoqosho isebenza.

Space nokhenketho "isithuba yabucala"

Ukususela ngo-1978, ngomhla iinqanawa kwizikhululo ye-USSR / Russian Federation kunye United States oosomajukujuku abaninzi kumazwe eziphaphazelayo. Ukongeza, isantya kutshanje ukuzuza-ebizwa ngokuba "ukhenketho isithuba" xa eqhelekileyo (ingaqhelekanga amathuba zemali) umntu ukutyelela ISS. Ekusondeleni kwexesha elidlulileyo ekuqaleni uphuhliso lweenkqubo ezifanayo waphawula China.

Kodwa ke imincili ngokwenene kwabangela inkqubo Ansari X-iBhaso, eyathi yasungulwa ngo-1996. Ngu ngokwemiqathango yalo kufuneka ukuba inkampani yabucala (ngaphandle inkxaso kurhulumente) unako ukubavusa (kabini) ukuya kubude 100 leekhilomitha emkhombeni liqembu abantu abathathu de kuye ekupheleni kuka-2004. Umvuzo waba ngaphezu elihloniphekileyo - 10 ezigidi zeerandi. nangoko Iinkampani zokuhlola ngaphezu ezimbini kunye nabantu yangasese baqala ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zabo.

Yaqala phantsi ke into imbali entsha astronautics, apho i "discoverer" kwendawo yonke kungenza ukuba nawuphi na umntu.

Impumelelo yokuqala "privateers"

Ekubeni izixhobo eziveliswe kubo akazange ukuba aye ngokwenene isithuba, ixabiso efunekayo amakhulu amaxesha ezincinane. Inqanawa lokuqala zabucala SpaceShipOne yaphehlelelwa ekuqaleni kwehlobo 2004. Created zisasilela yenkampani alwehliswa.

Intlanganiso yokuqhelanisa "iingcamango iyelenqe"

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iiprojekthi ezininzi (phantse yonke into ngokubanzi) lungabi kwezinye inkqubela "zamani 'zabucala, kunye nomsebenzi kwi V-2 kunye Soviet" Buran ", onke amaxwebhu apho emva 90" ngesiquphe "ngequbuliso waba ifumaneke kuluntu ngokubanzi. Amanye amalungu isibindi mbono bathi USSR olwenziwe (ngokungeyompumelelo) kuphehlelelo wokuqala andize kwangethuba 1957-1959.

Kukho kwakhona iingxelo engaqinisekiswanga ukuba amaNazi ziphuhliswe iiprojekthi 40 of mijukujelwa enjalo kuba uhlaselo yaseMelika. Rumor yokuba ezinye i pilot phezu iimvavanyo zakwazi ukufikelela kubude kweekhilomitha ezili-100, nto leyo ebenza (ukuba) loMthetho cosmonaut yokuqala.

"World" era

Kude kube ngoku, imbali isithuba igcina wokuhlola ulwazi iSoviet-Russian "Mir" station, nto leyo ngokwenene into eyahlukileyo. ekwakhiweni kwayo yagqitywa ngokupheleleyo de-26 Apreli 1996. Emva koko ke isikhululo kwakukho yesihlanu, kumnqongo wokugqibela ikuvumela ukuba baqhube izifundo entsonkothileyo kweelwandle, iilwandle namahlathi komhlaba eqhotyoshelweyo.

Kwi i "Mir" Orbital ubeminyaka 14.5, nto leyo amaxesha amaninzi obungaphezu lokudla ekucwangciselwa yena. Ekuhambeni konke ixesha izixhobo yedwa nzululwazi kwama-11 tonnes sindise kuye, izazinzulu baye baqhuba amashumi amawaka imifuniselo unique, ezinye kuzo kwangaphambili uphuhliso inzululwazi lomhlaba onke eminyaka eyalandelayo. Ukongeza, oosomajukujuku kunye oosomajukujuku Ngendasuswa EVAs kwisikhululo 75, ixesha lilonke ziintsuku-15.

Imbali ye-ISS

Xa kwakusakhiwa i-International Station Space amazwe ukususela nge-16 bathatha inxaxheba. Igalelo kunayo yonke indalo yayo imali eRashiya, eYurophu (Germany kunye France), kwakunye neengcali yaseMelika. Esi sibonelelo yenzelwe kangangeminyaka eli-15 yenkonzo kunye ithuba lohlaziyo.

Umsebenzi wokuqala ixesha elide kwi-ISS yasungulwa ngasekupheleni Oktobha 2000. sele amalungu ayo ebhodi watyelela 42 lamaphulo ixesha elide. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwiphulo 13 ukuya kwisikhululo kwafika usomajukujuku Brazilian Marcos Pontes, ngowokuqala ehlabathini. Uye yagqitywa ngempumelelo wonke umsebenzi ekujongwe kuye, waza wabuyela uMhlaba yinxalenye lwamalungu umsebenzi 12.

Yiloo ndlela imbali wenziwa spaceflight. Kwakukho ezininzi eziye uloyiso, abanye baye ubomi babo ngenxa esime- ngonaphakade ningekabi nakomelela ukufowunela isithuba endlwini yakhe. Umntu kuphela siyathemba ukuba impucuko yethu iya kuqhubeka uphando yayo kule ndawo, yaye xa silindele ukuba amazwe iiplanethi ezikufuphi.