Hydrostatic Galileo scales. Galileo Galilei: ibhayografi emfutshane

Galileo Galilei - Scientist Italian, a philologist, oomatshini, umgxeki, imbongi, ngeenkwenkwezi physics. Yena waba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso inzululwazi ixesha lakhe. Isiseko ulwazi kunye namava Ndacinga ukwenza ngqongqo balwa nxamnye imisebenzi yokufunda. Ngoku ngaba iyaziwa yonke impumelelo yakhe: Galilei wenza ezikalini hydrostatic, thermoscope kunye egqibelele le kweteleskopu. Le Isazinzulu ngumseki of physics zovavanyo. Kweli nqaku, siza kukuxelela ngobomi nezi UGalileo. Makhe siqale.

Esakhula

Galileo Galilei, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane eya ngezantsi, wazalwa e Pisa (Italy) ngo-1564. Uyise wayesebenza mvumi kwezezibalo, unyule kuba unyana kwezonyango. Emva kokuba egqibile inkwenkwe esikolweni loonongendi, yena ichazwa oko kwi-University of Pisa Faculty of Medicine. Kodwa elinesixhenxe kwelaseGalili kwakungelula umdla. Walishiya eyunivesithi, waya Florence, apho waqalisa ukufunda imisebenzi kaArchimedes kunye Euclid. uyise kaGalileo, enika izicelo nyana baliguqulela kwicandelo bulumko.

Ebuntwaneni UGalileo ayemthanda ekuyileni zokudlala mechanical kunye neendlela ezikhoyo iinqanawa, bayisile ematyeni, oomatshini. Umfundi UGalileo Viviani, kamva wabhala biography of sisazinzulu ekhankanywe ukuba sele kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, uGalileo waba neliso elibukhali kakhulu. Kungenxa olu phawu wayekwazi ukwenza ubhaqo ebalulekileyo: ukubona e Pisa Cathedral neendawo wakhuph, umfana weza kunye umthetho isochronism of oscillations pendulum (ukuzimela ukuphambuka kwexesha oscillation). Abaphengululi abaninzi abavumelani Viviani yaye sikholelwa ukuba eli lungu akangowakhe kwelaseGalili. Kodwa yaziwa ukuba UGalileo ngokuphindaphindiweyo ikhangelwe umthetho empirically. Wasebenzisa Kwakhona ibe ubude elithile. Le experiment ke ngomdla efunyenwe ngoogqirha.

UGalileo ezikalini hydrostatic

Ngowe-1586, isazinzulu oselula apapasha umsebenzi wokuqala yesayensi ezikumila practical. UGalileo kwakhiwa ezikalini ezikhethekileyo hydrostatic, kunye nenkcazo eneenkcukacha nabo emsebenzini wakhe. Sinokuthi ukuba agqibe Isiphelo sakhe zezenzululwazi.

ezikalini ezinobunzima Hydrostatic ukuvumela ukuba xa lexinene amatye anqabileyo nesinyithi. Indlela ngokwayo uvule Archimedes ngaphezulu. enesihloko esithi "Scale Small" kaGalileo yaba sale yezibalo Guido del Monte. Le Isazinzulu ibonakaliswa ngoko nangoko kwi uGalileo Umkhandi abanetalente yaye ndinqwenela kumhlangabeza.

Kwaba ngesindululo Del Monte ngo-1589 uGalileo wafumana sobuprofesa eyunivesithi wakhe, yena akakwazanga ukugqiba ngenxa kwiingxaki zemali. Noko ke, kwadlula umvuzo omncinane, kodwa izazinzulu ndandivuya kuba ezikalini hydrostatic UGalileo wenza idumileyo lesayensi. Waye aziwa phakathi zezibalo Italian.

Eyokuqala imbali "Kwi kuthuthelwa"

Waqala ukufundisa kwiYunivesithi yemathematika kunye bulumko, uGalileo bajamelana ukhetho olunzima. Kwelinye icala - iimbono inviolable mfundiso Aristotle, kwelinye - ukucabanga nezenzo zabo, exhaswa yi ngamava. Ngokutsho Aristotle Isantya umzimba yokubeka into umlinganiselo ukuba ubunzima bayo. UGalileo wachitha le ngxelo, xa amangqina amaninzi lehla ukusuka Outcomes Tower of iibhola ze ziyalingana, kodwa benemizimba ezahlukeneyo. Aristotle wafundisa ukuba imizimba ezahlukene "ipropati ndandifeketha" ezahlukeneyo, ngoko inxenye yabo ukuwa okukhulu ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwabanye. Ukuba umzimba ebikwintshukumo, kufuneka umoya push, yiyo intshukumo yomzimba ibonisa ukungabikho imigodi. Experiments UGalileo bathi ngenye indlela.

Ngowe-1590, i-umphengululi wabhala othi "Kwi kuthuthelwa". Kuyo, wagxeka iimbono abalandeli Aristotle (Peripatetics). Oku kwabangela akahambisani ISAZINZULU ukusuka abameli nenzululwazi breech yokufunda. Ngaphezu koko, ezingafanelanga salaried UGalileo. Kwaba emxinwa kakhulu kumajelo eendaba. Wamnceda ngaphambili del Monte, ephakamisa uGalileo e University wasePadua.

wasePadua period

Ukususela ngo 1592 waqala lelona xesha nemveliso kubomi ngumphandi. Sele sathetha ngayo UGalileo ezikalini hydrostatic, nto leyo eyaba zophando lwakhe lokuqala. Ngoko ke, kule minyaka yokufundisa kwiYunivesithi wasePadua Scientist wenza esinye isibini. UGalileo owavela thermoscope isifundo of nesenzeko thermal kwaye lugqibelele teleskopu ukuba ndiyenze ibe iteleskopu.

Enyanisweni thermoscope ithemometha yaba kwase. Ukuze benze oku, uGalileo kwafuneka ukuba uhlaziye ngokupheleleyo ezikhoyo ngexesha imigaqo ngengqele kunye nobushushu.

Ukuveliswa Array eVenice wayesazi kakade 1609. Ukwazi ukuvumbulula data, uGalileo lugqibelele isixhobo naphaya ukuze agcine nesibhakabhaka esimnyama. Ekuqaleni kuka-1610 abaphandi iye yanceda wafumana Hewana ezintathu langa uJupiter. Okwenzeka iplanethi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, uGalileo wakwazi ukuqonda oko zijikeleza le Hewana engeenxa zonke kuyo, kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo. Oku kuqinisekiswa inkqubo imodeli Kepler, nto leyo lweli sisazinzulu.

Ukongeza, uGalileo wafumanisa umgaqo ka the Dynamics. Wabumba isiseko ingcamango langoku ka. UGalileo wafumana ukunganqondwa intshukumo Aristotle. Isazinzulu Empirically wafumanisa ukuba lo intshukumo (mechanical inkqubo) kubalulekile. Oko akuthethi ukuba ukuthetha ngentshukumo, ngaphandle kokwazi ngokunxulumene 'umzimba reference "kwenzeka. Ngokwabo njengoko imithetho yokuhamba konke. Ngoko ke, ukuvala cabin esi sikhephe, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukumisela ngokomfuniselo enoba ngokufanayo okanye ebambe emhlabeni ihamba.

nezizayo kwesayensi

Ngenxa iteleskopu oluphambili kule sisazinzulu kwakukho izinto ezintsha. Galileo Galiley wafumanisa izigaba Venus, waza waba niyohlwaywa ubukho kukho inani elikhulu kweenkwenkwezi iMilky Way. Okwenzeka intshukumo sunspots, umphandi waqonda ukuba le nkqubo kubangelwa ukujikeleza kwelanga. Ngokufundisisa phezu kwenyanga, uGalileo wafumana yimingxuma kwaye neentaba. Zonke ezi, yena kwajongela ukuthembakala le mfundiso cosmogonic ye ukungaguquleki iphela, bebase revolution ngeenkwenkwezi. Yonke imibono yakhe, uGalileo ochazwe kwincwadi ethi "Star IGazethi", eyapapashwa ngo-1610. Lo msebenzi ke azinikele iNkosana Tuscany egameni Kozimo Medichi.

Buyela Florence

Kungekudala iNkosana wamema uGalileo ukuba ukusebenza Florence. Le Isazinzulu wamiselwa sobulumko lokuqala lwenkundla kwaye sezibalo zeYunivesithi, lo akanyanzelekanga ukuba ukufunda izifundo. Ngexesha umsebenzi uGalileo kwazeka kuyo Italy. Imangaliseke phakathi kwabo ngengcwangu ethiyiwe ngabanye. I ntiyiso ekuqaleni ubumpi azicaci. Ngo-1611 i ngeenkwenkwezi wayeze wamenywa eRoma, apho ngolangazelelo kubulisa ubuso lokuqala sixeko kunye nebandla. kunjalo uGalileo wayengazi malunga ngaye efakwe kweso mfihlakalo. bamelene ekhubekisayo yaseBougainville 1613, xa Yancinwa siphakamise umba ukungavumelani iZibhalo kunye kwesayensi uGalileo. Le umphandi wanika esi isigxina impendulo oluneenkcukacha, apho wazama ukwahlula ngokucacileyo phakathi inzululwazi kunye nebandla. Ngowe-1616 waya eRoma ngenjongo yokukhusela imfundiso yabo.

Inkqubo yokuqala

Iimeko zaba yimpumelelo gqitha. Isizathu sokuba leyo zaqaqamba ukukwazi ubugagu UGalileo. Ukongeza, i-nzulu wanceda iNkosana Tuscany, ebhalela Kwamacala iileta. Kwezityholo ezijoliswe UGalileo waqonda nasihlahla. Ngoku, ke, phambi kokuba izazinzulu kwabakho ilula: semthethweni iimbono zabo lwenzululwazi.

inkqubo Copernican ayikwazanga ukuyikhusela ekuhleni, kodwa uhlobo zencoko, mpikiswano ayikho akuvumelekanga. Ngoko ke, uGalileo wabhala ngqangi "Dialogue malunga oyaluzisa 'apho interlocutors ezintathu yaxoxa iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili zehlabathi - Copernicus kunye uPtolemy. Ngowe-1630 waya eRoma kule ncwadi. Izazinzulu wathabatha iminyaka emibini ukuya ukusingatha iSABC, ukufumana imvume ukupapasha i-ngqangi. Ekugqibeleni, yaphuma e Florence ngo-Agasti 1632.

Le nkqubo yesibini

Kwamacala nangoko ngayo kokupapashwa ncwadi, elifundekayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ekupheleni kuka 1632 UGalileo wayalela ukuza eRoma. Le Isazinzulu wacela ukuba ihlehlise ngenxa yokugula kwakhe ukwaluphala. Kodwa isicelo sakhe wahlala ayiphendulwanga. Ekuqaleni kuka-1633 kokuba asiwe eRoma phezu lokukhwelisa. Kwisithuba senyanga, wayephila umthunywa Tuscan, uze emva koko bagxothwa UGalileo entolongweni ye Kwamacala. Ke kwakukho izoyikiso nxaniso, iimfuno kukulahlwa, ngemibuzo kunye into embi ukuba umphandi - ukutshatyalaliswa imisebenzi yakhe. Ukuzithethelela "Iincoko zababini 'phambi UGalileo abagwebi akuphumelelanga. Emva kwetyala, ISAZINZULU waziswa weemonki St. UMinerva, wenza ukuba asayine kukulahlwa erivaleni uguquke ngamadolo akhe.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Ngowe-1637, uGalileo Galilei, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane yabalaseliswa kweli nqaku, ebindilahlekile emehlweni akhe. Kodwa phambi koko, ISAZINZULU yakwazi ukuba agqibe umsebenzi, elingcwele, impumelelo yakhe entsimini ubucukubhede. Labor ebizwa "ubungqina Mathematical kunye nencoko." Mu kuya kwa nshita "incoko yababini" kule ncwadi bonke wachazwa ukuba imbambano kunye nabaxhasi Aristotle akukho akusekho efanelekileyo kwaye kuyimfuneko kwimvume iimbono zenzululwazi omtsha. Ngenxa yemigudu abahlobo incwadi UGalileo kwanaxa ubomi abaphandi. Yena lo wonwabe kakhulu.

UGalileo wafela ekuqaleni 1642 xa villa in Arcetri. Ngowe-1732-m Isazinzulu uthuli wathumela Florence kunye wangcwatyelwa ecaleni uMichelangelo.

Le biography yonke. Galileo Galiley ngonaphakade labhalwa igama lakhe kwimbali yenzululwazi. Ekugqibeleni ke ninikela izinto ezimbalwa malunga nale uphando.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga UGalileo Galilei

• Ngowe-1992, i-Pope wachaza sisazinzulu njengoko yesayensi brilliant and ibuhlungu malunga wawisa isigwebo yakhe yokugqibela. Yaba nokuvuma yokuqala karhulumente eVatican malunga njengokujikeleza Umhlaba ujikeleza ilanga.
• ezikalini Hydrostatic Galileo iqukwe ezintlanu izinto eziphezulu kakhulu brilliant, asetyenziswa ngexesha lethu.
• Ibinzana elithi "Kanti ke akasuki!" Le Umphandi zange esho. Le intsomi yaqanjwa i intatheli Italian.