Yobulukhuni zesinyithi. Table yobulukhuni iintsimbi

Namalungu kunye neendlela baba ngezinto ezomeleleyo oluthembekileyo ukusuka apho kwenziwa, kufuneka athobele imiqathango eziyimfuneko ukuze umsebenzi. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukulawula amaxabiso avumelekile iimpawu zazo ezisisiseko ngoomatshini. Ngu iipropati mechanical ke lukhuni, amandla, ubulukhuni, ductility. yobulukhuni zesinyithi - le abalinganiswa primary zesakhiwo.

ukuba nombono

Yobulukhuni zesinyithi kunye aluminiyamu, - ipropati eziphathekayo ukudala uxhathiso kwi ukungena ngokwemaleko yayo phezu umzimba nto leyo gqitha litshabalale ngexesha umthwalo ezihamba (isibotho). Ukumisela injongo:

• ulwazi malunga nokusebenza iimpawu zolwakhiwo nezakhono zokuqhuba;
• uhlalutyo ixesha isenzo;
• ukulawula iziphumo zonyango lobushushu.

Ukususela kulo mzobo inxenye ixhomekeke amandla angaphezulu ukuxhathisa ukwaluphala. Hlola njenge material ekrwada kunye nezahlulo esele zenziwe.

izifundo

Esi salathisi angamthengisela ekuthiwa inani yobulukhuni. Kukho ezahlukileyo iindlela zokulinganisa yobulukhuni zesinyithi. Uphononongo ichanekileyo ziquka ukusetyenziswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izibalo kunye enxulumene indenters yobulukhuni:

1. Brinell: umongo izixhobo - Ibhola isibotho kwi intsimbi okanye ingxubevange isibotho ubukhulu ukubala zihlahlelwe kubalwe koko kwemathematika parameter ngoomatshini.
2. Rockwell: ibhola esetyenzisiweyo okanye nekalikedo tapered icebiso. Ixabiso olubonisayo kwisitupu okanye Settlement uzimisele.
3. Vickers: umlinganiselo lichaneke kakhulu yobulukhuni intsimbi kunye incam ledayimani pyramidal.

Kukho neefomula ezikhethekileyo kunye neetafile ukujonga ukuvumelana phakathi komsebenzi parametric iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisela umbandela olufanayo.

Ezibangele ukuba kumiselwe uhlobo womlinganiselo

Phantsi kweemeko elebhu, kunye noluhlu eziyimfuneko izixhobo, ukhetho zophando olwenziwa sixhomekeke iimpawu ezithile workpiece.

1. An ixabiso kubonisa parameter ngoomatshini. Kuba yodidi zokusebenza kunye neemathiriyeli eliphantsi yokuqaqadeka ukuya ku 450-650 HB Brinell indlela esetyenziswayo; ukuba isixhobo, yodidi ingxubevange kunye nezinye aluminium - Rockwell; ngokuba tverdosplavov - Vickers.
2. Imilinganiselo le ndlovu test. amalungu ingakumbi amancinane kunye ezingcakacileyo zivavanywa liSebe i Vickers yobulukhuni ngumhloli.
3. Ububanzi metal kule ndawo yokulinganisa, ingakumbi, ngesamente okanye nitrided umaleko.

Zonke iimfuno kunye nokuthobela GOST obubhaliweyo.

Features indlela Brinell

uvavanyo Ukuqina lwesinyithi kunye aluminium usebenzisa Brinell yokuqaqadeka tester ziqhutywa kunye iimpawu zilandelayo:

1. Le indenter - ibhola ingxubevange ngesinyithi okanye Tungsten ingxubevange khabhayithi enobubanzi 1, 2, 2.5, 5 okanye 10 mm (GOST 3722-81).
2. Ubude isibotho static; ngokuba zentsimbi kunye intsimbi - 10-15 s ngenxa aluminium non-ayoni - 30, naye kunokwenzeka zethuba ka-60, kwaye kwezinye iimeko - 120 180 ...
3. Ixabiso Umda mechanical iparameters: 450 HB xa yokulinganisa ball; HB 650 ngokusebenzisa tverdosplava.
4. umthwalo kunokwenzeka. Ngoncedo iimpahla ncwadi ilungelelaniswe eyona amandla deformation ovavanyo isampula. izimiso zazo ubuncinane kunokwenzeka: 153,2, 187,5, 250 N; ubuninzi - 9807, 14710, 29420 H (GOST 23677-79).

Ukusebenzisa le fomyula, ngokuxhomekeke ubudeki ezithile ze ibhola kunye nezinto eziza kusetyenziswa kuvavanyo, umntu ukubala ehambelana obuvumelekileyo amandla isibotho.

ingxubevange uhlobo	umthwalo ebalayo Mathematical
Steel, nickel kunye aluminiyamu titanium	30D 2
iron uphose	2 10D, 30D 2
Ubhedu nobhedu aluminium	2 5D, 10D 2, 30D 2
izinyithi Ukukhanya aluminium	2,5D 2, 2 5D, 10D 2, 15D 2
Lead, ithini	1D 2

Amagama UMZEKELO:

400HB10 / 1500/20, apho 400HB - Brinell yobulukhuni intsimbi; 10 - Ball ububanzi, 10 mm; 1500 - umthwalo emile, 1500 Kum; 20 - ixesha ubeko ngokuhambelana 20.

Ukumisela amanani ngqo eyiyo ukuhlola kwisampula efanayo kwiindawo eziliqela, yaye isiphumo ngokubanzi ixhomekeke ekufumaneni ixabiso avareji ifunyenwe.

indlela Ukuzimisela Brinell yobulukhuni

Inkqubo yophando ubandakanya le manyathelo alandelayo:

1. Khangela iinkcukacha ukuthotyelwa kunye neemfuno (GOST 9012-59, GOST 2789).
2. Khangela le serviceability kwefowuni.
3. Ukuze ukhethe ibhola ofunekayo, ukufumanisa umgudu kunokwenzeka, nokufakelwa imithwalo ngexesha layo ukubunjwa ubeko ngokuhambelana.
4. Ukuqala ngobulukhuni deformation le ndlovu.
5. ngontsi enobubanzi yesikali.
6. ukubala enokwehla.

HB = F / A,

apho F - umthwalo, Kum okanye H; A - print indawo, mm ^2.

HB = (0,102 * F) / (π * D * h),

apho D - sangqa ibhola, mm; h - ubunzulu isibotho, mm.

metal Ukuqinisa kulinganiswa kule ndlela ubudlelwane ngamava ngokubalwa yemida amandla. indlela echanekileyo, ingakumbi aluminium ezithambileyo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ekumiseleni amaxabiso zeenkqubo lepropati mechanical.

Amanqaku Iindlela Rockwell

Le ndlela yokulinganisa lwasungulwa imi- 20-lwekhulu XX, nokuhambisa ngaphezu ezidlulileyo. Isetyenziselwa izinto nzima. eziphambili iimpawu zayo (GOST 9013-59, GOST 23677-79):

1. Ubukho umthwalo zaseprayimari-10 kg.
2. Exposure Ixesha: 10-60.
3. Amaxabiso umda yezalathi kunokwenzeka: HRA: 20-88; HRB: 20-100; HRC: 20-70.
4. Inani le libonwa kwi yobulukhuni yokucofa, nazo ibalwe arithmetically.
5. Scale kunye indenter. Eyaziwa izikali ezahlukeneyo 11 ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo indenter kunye nomthwalo eliphezulu ngokuvunywe static. Usebenziso oluqhelekilyo: A, B na C.

A: diamond kwincam tapered angle ubutsolo 120˚, amandla avumelekile iimpembelelo zizonke ndawonye - 60 kgf, HRA; iimveliso emihle wafunda, ubukhulu becala nerenti yeziNdlu.

C: njengoko cone diamond, yenzelwe amandla ubuninzi 150 kgf, HRC, usebenza xa eqinile kwaye lukhuni.

B: ubungakanani ibhola 1,588 mm, ezenziwe ngesinyithi lukhuni okanye nzima khabhayithi-Tungsten ingxubevange, umthwalo - 100 kgf, HRB, isetyenziselwa ukuvavanya yobulukhuni kweemveliso annealed.

Blob-tip (1.588 mm) ilungele ukuba isikali Rockwell B, F, G. E isikali khona, H, K, apho kusetyenziswa ubudeki ibhola 3,175 mm (GOST 9013-59).

Inani leesampulu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i Rockwell yokuqaqadeka tester kwindawo enye anqongophele ngenxa ubungakanani izinto. Uphenyo ngebhegi kummandla 3-4 netoti isithuba deformation yangaphambili. Ububanzi iimveliso zeemvavanyo olulawulwayo. Kufuneka kuba amaxesha ngaphantsi kwe-10 landa umthondo ubunzulu kwincam.

Amagama UMZEKELO:

50HRC - metal Rockwell lukhuni, kulinganiswa usebenzisa incam nedayimani, inani layo ilingana no-50.

Plan uphando ku Rockwell isikali

nesilinganiso metal yobulukhuni kuba lula ngakumbi inkqubo ye Brinell.

1. Ukuvavanywa zobukhulu kunye neempawu bomhlaba workpiece.
2. Khangela le serviceability kwefowuni.
3. uhlobo tip Ukuzimisela kunye nesikhundla umthwalo.
4. Ukufakela isampula.
5. Ukuphunyezwa imigudu eyintloko eziphathekayo, ubukhulu 10 kgf.
6. Ukuphunyezwa iinzame ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo.
7. Ukufunda umbiko ukucofa inani kwisikali.

Kwakhona ubalo kunokwenzeka zemathematika ukuze ikwazi ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba iparameter ngoomatshini.

Phantsi imeko yokusebenzisa ikhowuni diamond kokuba umthwalo kgf 60, okanye 150:

HR = 100 - ((Hh) / 0,002;

xa kusenziwa uvavanyo kunye ibhola phantsi amandla kgf 100:

HR = 130 - ((Hh) / 0,002,

apho h - ubunzulu elalana le indenter ngabafakwa iphambili kgf-10; H - umthondo ubunzulu indenter phantsi komthwalo ngokupheleleyo; 0,002 - factor olawula imali intshukumo kwincam xa inani yokuqaqadeka yi unit 1.

indlela Rockwell ilula, kodwa hayi ngqo. Ngelo xesha nye ikuvumela ukuba umlinganiselo iimpawu mechanical zesinyithi nzima aluminium.

Iinkcukacha Vickers ubuchule

Ukubekwa yobulukhuni zesinyithi ngalo ndlela kakhulu elula nangokuchanekileyo. Ukuqina isekelwe ubeko ngokuhambelana kwi kwincam kwisampulu diamond pyramidal.

Iimpawu eziphambili:

1. Le indenter: diamond iphiramidi kunye engile wee 136 °.
2. bomthwalo sivumelekile; ngokuba zentsimbi uphose exutyiweyo nensimbi - 5-100 kgf; ngokuba aluminiyamu copper - 2.5-50 kg; ngokuba aluminiyam kwaye aluminium zayo - 1-100 kgf.
3. Exposure Ixesha umthwalo static: imizuzwana-10 ukuya kwi-15.
4. izixhobo zovavanyo: zentsimbi kunye nesinyithi non-ayoni kunye yokuqaqadeka 450-500 HB, kuquka imveliso emva unyango thermochemical.

Amagama UMZEKELO:

700HV20 / 15,

apho 700HV - Vickers inombolo yobulukhuni; 20 - umthwalo 20 kg; 15 - ngexesha imigudu ezimile 15.

Ulandelelwano yokufunda Vickers

Le nkqubo lula kakhulu.

1. Khangela isampuli kunye nezixhobo. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe iinkcukacha komhlaba.
2. Ukukhetha Allowable.
3. Ukufakelwa izinto test.
4. Ukuqala yobulukhuni lo msebenzi.
5. Ukufunda ngenxa phezu dial.

ukubala Mathematical yi le ndlela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

HV = 1,8544 * (F / d ^2),

apho F - Layisha, kgf; d - ixabiso avareji ubude idayagonali ye ubeko ngokuhambelana mm.

It ikuvumela ukuba umlinganiselo metal lukhuni eziphakamileyo, izahlulo ezingcakacileyo, ezincinane, lo gama ngokubonelela ukuchaneka ophezulu isiphumo.

Iindlela ngokuba inguqu phakathi esikalini

Emva kokuba izigqibo sangqa yoshicilelo encediswa izixhobo ezizodwa, ungasebenzisa itafile ukugqiba yobulukhuni. Uluhlu yobulukhuni iintsimbi - kwaba oncedisayo xa kubalwa parameter ngoomatshini. Ngoko ke, ukuba uyawazi Brinell, ngokulula ukwazi ukubona inani elifanelekileyo Vickers okanye Rockwell.

Imizekelo amaxabiso athile afanelekileyo:

Netoti ubeko ngokuhambelana, mm	indlela zophando
	Brinell	Rockwell			Vickers
		A	C	B
3,90	241	62,8	24,0	99,8	242
4,09	218	60,8	20.3	96,7	218
4.20	206	59.6	17.9	94,6	206
4,99	143	49,8	-	77,6	143

Table yobulukhuni iintsimbi isekelwe kwidatha iyahlolwa kwaye ukuchaneka eliphezulu. Kukwakho igrafu Brinell yokuqaqadeka umxholo carbon kwi ingxubevange yentsimbi-carbon. Ngenxa yoko, ngokungqinelana izixhomekeki ezinjalo ukuba yesinyithi isixa kwekhabhoni ekwakhiweni elingana 0.2% oko kuthetha 130 HB.

ukuba isampula iimfuno

Ukungqinelana neemfuno iindwendwe, iziqwenga uvavanyo kufuneka zihambelane nezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. Ukuvuna kufuneka ibe mpuluswa, ngokuqinileyo yobulukhuni itafile, Iikona zayo kufuneka zibe mpuluswa yaye alungiswa ngenyameko.
2. Umphezulu kufuneka abe uburhabaxa kumphezulu ubuncinane. Kufuneka sanded zicocwe, kuquka ngoncedo ezaqanjwa imichiza. Ngaxeshanye, ngexesha lenkqubo machining, kubalulekile ukuthintela ukuyilwa lomsebenzi yokuqaqadeka kunye nokuphuculwa lobushushu ebhedini zigqithiswe.
3. Inxalenye kufuneka ayifani nendlela ekhethiweyo yokuqingqa yobulukhuni lepropati parametric.

Ukwenza iimfuno samabanga - a ukuchaneka kuyimfuneko.

yobulukhuni zesinyithi - impahla ngomatshini esisiseko kubalulekile ukuba sibonisa ukuba ezinye iimpawu mechanical nakwezobugcisa, iziphumo iinkqubo machining zangaphambili, ifuthe zizinto zethutyana, iimeko kunokwenzeka yokusebenza. ndlela yokukhetha isifundo ixhomekeke kwiimpawu kwisampula kubonisa, parameters zayo kunye imichiza nokwakheka.