Cells Animal - imbali ulwazi

Isakhiwo cellular zendalo kutyhilwa uluntu kungekudala emva kokusungulwa ngemicroscope. Ngowe-1590, isixhobo yenziwa yi H. Jansen, bazisa uphando ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Imbali kokufunyanwa iiseli baqalisa kuloo mzuzu. Izazinzulu laloo nkqubo elide xesha kwiyunithi ulwazi zonke izinto eziphilayo, kwada kwakukho into eyaba nkulu. Iseli izityalo wabonakala kuqala wafunda yingcaphephe ngezityalo IsiNgesi physics uRobert Hooke ngo-1665 phezu kumacandelo Yazo wafumana iipateni ezingaqhelekanga, inkangeleko yabo iyafana honeycombs bee. Ezi wabiza seli. Kodwa uRobert Hooke kakhulu andiphazami kwizifundo zabo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iiseli ngokwawo ezingenanto, neendonga zawo kwaye ephilayo.

Uphuhliso olulolunye ngokukhanya kubangele imifuziselo ezininzi obuphambili iimikroskopu. Kungenxa ngemehlo zakutshanje umDatshi Antoni van Leeuwenhoek yakwazi ukubona ukwakha indlela iseli izilwanyana. Walishiya iziphumo zabo ephepheni ngohlobo phantsi-Imizobo, obonisa ukuba ibonwa ngemicroscope. Bona echazwe neentsholongwane, isidoda, kwakunye iiseli ezibomvu zegazi kunye nentshukumo yabo emithanjeni. Kodwa nangona izazinzulu zophando, oko kudala wahlala umbuzo engekasonjululwa - ingaba iiseli eneneni esiyintsika yale isakhiwo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kwaba kuphela ngo-1838 - 1839 xa impendulo kuyo abanamandla yingcaphephe ngezityalo M. Schleiden kunye nzulu T. Schwann. Ukuba baqulunqe postulates ezisisiseko theory yeseli, olwaqhubeka kwaze namhlanje, kunye notshintsho ezingephi, zilungiswe kunye ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu yakutshanje.

Ngoku, izazinzulu aseJamani sahlaziya idata ekhoyo kubo, bakwazi ukubona ukuba ngokupheleleyo zonke izityalo kunye nezilwanyana iqanjwa iiseli. Ngenxa yoko, ngasinye seli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezi yunithi ngamnye uzimele, ukuhlala ngobunye oluhle yonke eziphilayo. Kodwa izigqibo zabo zichanile ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, imbali isifundo iseli lizele kwiziganeko ezinjalo. Emva kwexesha compatriot lwabo Virchow akwazi ukungqina ukuba zonke iseli livela kwezinye iiseli, kunye intelekelelo malunga nemvelaphi izinto yeselula esithubeni, eyenziwe ababengaphambi kwakhe, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, ezingachanekanga.

iiseli Animal uyacebiswa boniswa ophando kumazwe amaninzi. Ngoko ke, phambi kokuba lokusekwa theory yeseli, i yezityalo IsiNgesi R. Brown zafumana icandelo olusisinyanzelo kwiseli nganye - isiqalo. Kwaye ngo-1895, T. Boveri yakwazi ukubona ngemicroscope uze uchaze ithole elele kufuphi ngumongo, enabizwa centrioles. Ngowe-1890, oosonzululwazi R. Altman wachaza dvumembrannye organelles ebizwa mitochondria. Ngokutsho kwakhe, engundoqo umsebenzi mitochondria ukuba ukunika iiseli amandla. Kwaye, okumangalisayo, le ingcamango yaba ichanekile kwaye iye yaqinisekisa iminyaka yophando.

Emva koko, kwisithuba ixesha elide, abazalwana academic egqibelele iimikroskopu isixhobo, ukuvumela ukuba ukufunda ngokusondeleyo kakhulu isakhiwo weseli. Ngamaxesha athile, kwakukho olufunyanisiweyo, theory okulungisa cell ekhoyo. Kodwa ke impumelelo yokwenene eziphilayo kuphela emva kokuba ukuqaliswa neemicroscope electron. K. porter ngo-1945 wakwazi ukubona uze uchaze reticulum endoplasmic (reticulum), ngalo iseli isilwanyana uvelisa iproteni yokuqaphela, iswekile kunye lipids. Kamva, kunyaka 1955 usebenzisa lysosomes ngemicroscope ukukhanya baye bafunda - izakhiwo ezithile globular ukuba lwahlukane kunye biopolymers equlathe enzayim ezahlukeneyo proteolytic.

Uphononongo kweeseli isilwanyana lo mgaqo "ukususela kokulula - enzima". iindlela Uphando lwakutshanje ukuvumela ukuba bafunde ngokupheleleyo iziqalelo DNA, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze protoplasm kunye kakhulu ngakumbi. Ngoko, kunye phambili kobuchwepheshe kukho ithuba lokwazi kwezinto eziphilayo yonke into. Oko kukuthi, le idla ingqondo yomntu.