Imisebenzi ye-mitochondria kunye nesakhiwo sabo

Kwiiseli ziphi na izinto eziphilayo zikhona iindibano ezikhethekileyo ezihamba, zisebenza, zidibanisa kwaye zanda. Zibizwa ngokuba yi-mitochondria okanye i-chondriosomes. Izakhiwo ezifanayo ziqulethwe zombini kwiiseli zezinto ezilula, kunye nakwiiseli zezityalo nezilwanyana. Kwangexesha elide, imisebenzi ye-mitochondria yafundwa kwakhona ekuhloleni isakhiwo seeseli , kuba yayinomdla othile.

Enyanisweni, kumgangatho wamaselula, i-mitochondria yenza umsebenzi othile kwaye ubaluleke kakhulu - benza amandla ngendlela ye-adenosine triphosphate. Le nucleotide eyintloko kwi-metabolism yezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuguqula amandla. I-ATP isebenza njengomthombo wamandla onke, okuyimfuneko ukuhamba kwamaphiko enkqubo emzimbeni. Kule nto, imisebenzi esemqoka ye-mitochondria iya kugcina umsebenzi obalulekileyo kwinqanaba lamaselula ngenxa yokubunjwa kwe-ATP.

Iinkqubo ezenzeka kwiiseli ixesha elide zazinomdla okhethekileyo kwizenzululwazi, kuba zanceda ukuqonda kangcono isakhiwo kunye namakhono omzimba. Inkqubo yokwazisa rhoqo ihlala ixesha elide. Ngoko uKarl Lohmann ngowe-1929 wathola i-adenosine triphosphate, kunye noFritz Lipman ngo-1941 baqikelela ukuba nguye umthengisi oyintloko kwiiseli.

Ulwakhiwo lwemitochondria

Ukubonakala kunomdla ofanayo kunye nemisebenzi ye-mitochondrial. Ubukhulu kunye nobunzima bee-organelles zihlala zingapheli kwaye ziyahlukahluka kuxhomekeka kwiintlobo zezilwanyana eziphilayo. Ukuba sichaza ixabiso lentsingiselo, ke i-mitochondria ene-granular kunye ne-filamentous enezibini ezimbini ezinomlinganiselo we-0.5 micromillimeters ngobude, kwaye ubude bufikelela kuma-micromillimetri angama-60.

Njengoko sele sele khankanywe ngasentla, izazinzulu ziye zazama ukuzama ukuqonda umbuzo wesakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi ye-mitochondria. Ingxaki ebalulekileyo yayinokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ezinganeleyo, kuba akunakwenzeka ukufunda ihlabathi elincinci ngezinye iindlela.

I-Mitochondria iqulethe iiseli ezingaphezulu kwiiseli zezilwanyana kunezisele zezityalo, kuba izilwanyana ukuguqulwa kwamandla ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ibaluleke kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukuchazela iinkqubo ezinjalo, kodwa kwiiseli zezityalo imisebenzi eninzi ithathwa ngama-chloroplast.

Kwiiseli, i-mitochondria inokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, apho kukho isidingo se-ATP. Singaxelela ukuba i-mitochondria inesakhiwo esikuyo yonke indawo, ngoko iyakwazi ukuvela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Imisebenzi ye-mitochondria

Umsebenzi oyintloko we-mitochondria kukuhlanganiswa kwee-molecule ze-ATP. Olu hlobo lwesitishi samandla eseli, esenziwa nge-oxidation yamacandelo e-organic egazini akhipha amandla ngenxa yokubola kwawo.

Umthombo oyintloko wamandla, i.e. Iqumba elisetyenziselwa ukubola i- pyruvic acid. Kananjalo, umzimba ufumana kwiiprotheni, i-carbohydrate kunye namafutha. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokudala amandla, kwaye i-mitochondria isetyenziswa zombini. Iyokuqala kwezi zihambelana nokuxhamla kwe-pyruvate kwi-matrix. Iyesibini inxulumene ne-cristae ye-organelles kwaye iphelisa ngokucacileyo inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

Ngokubanzi, le ndlela inzima kakhulu kwaye ivela kwizigaba eziliqela. Ukulandelelwa kwexesha elide kwenzelwe, yinjongo kuphela yonikezelo lwamandla lwezinye iinkqubo zamaselula. Ukugcinwa kwendalo kwinqanaba leselula livumela ukugcina umsebenzi walo obalulekileyo ngokubanzi. Yingakho ixesha elide lenzelwa ukuba izazinzulu zizame ukuqonda indlela ezi zinto zenzeka ngayo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezininzi iinkqubo zazisombululwa, ingakumbi kulolu cwaningo lweDNA kunye nesakhiwo samaseli amancinci asele. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, umntu akanakucingela ukuba uphuhliso lwaloo nzu lulwazi, kunye nokufundiswa kwenyama kunye nezilwanyana eziphuculweyo.