Ngeelwimi

Ingcamango yolwimi oluqhelekileyo yinto ebalulekileyo yelwimi lokubhala, kuba inkcubeko yentetho yabantu ibonakala, okokuqala, ngokuchanekileyo. Lugxininisa kuphela icala elilodwa lolwimi, kodwa luchaphazela wonke umntu, zombini ukubhala intetho kunye nomlomo.

Iilwimi zeelwimi ziyimigaqo malunga nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezithile zolwimi kubangelwa kwisigaba esithile sokuphuhliswa kwayo. Kwakhona kuyinto evamile, ukusetyenziswa komzekelo wokuhlanganiswa kwegama, izivakalisi kunye namazwi kwintetho.

Ukwahlula imigaqo yolwimi elandelayo yesiRashiya :

-gama-ukwakheka (imiqathango yokwakhiwa kwamagama amatsha);

- Orphoepic (okanye izithethe zokubiza);

- I-Morphological;

- ezichanekileyo;

-leksicheskie;

-i-intanethi;

-iyona

-nxibelelwano.

Ezinye zazo ziyimpawu zentlobo ezimbini zentetho, kwaye ezinye ziza kuphela ngomlomo okanye zibhalwa kuphela.

Iilwimi zeelwimi zenzeke ngembali. Abanye babo babonakala bude kakhulu kwaye bahlala bengatshintshiyo ngoku, ngelixa abanye - baphelile. Abanye baze bangqubana. Ngokomzekelo, igama lesiJamani elithi "ukungena" livela kwiLizwi leMid-Latin elisho "oya kuhamba," kwaye ezi ntsuku zibizwa ngokuba ngubani oza kufundisisa. Oko kukuthi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, izinga lokusetyenziswa kweli gama litshintshile.

Iimilo zeelwimi ze-Orpheopi nazo azizinzile. Ngokomzekelo, igama elibolekwe "ukuphazamiseka" labhalwa ngaphambi kwekhulu le-18 "njengengcipheko". Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, zombini iifom zazisetyenziselwa, kwaye ke indlela entsha yokusetyenziswa kwayo yaba yinto evamile.

Yenza utshintsho kunye nokubiza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-wh-. Ngoko izichazi-magama ezichazayo ze-1935-1940-zimela imigaqo eyahlukileyo kunezo ezikhoyo ngoku. Ngokomzekelo, ngamagama athi "ithoyilo, i-snack barrel", inhlanganisela -ch- ibizwa ngokuba yi -shn-, ngoku ayimkelekanga ngokupheleleyo. Amanye amagama alondoloze ukuhluka okubini: ibhaki, ihloniphekile.

Iimilo zolwimi eziguquguqukayo zitshintsha kwakhona. Oku kulandelelwe kakuhle kumzekelo wokugqitywa kwezibizo zesini somntu kwisininzi kunye nokutyunjwa. Inyaniso kukuba abanye banokuphela -e, kunye nezinye eziphela -a. Oku kubangelwa ubukho ngaphambi kwekhulu le-13 kwi-Old Old ulwimi ngolwimi lwembini, elalisetyenziswe xa kubalulekile ukubonisa izinto ezimbini. Ngaloo ndlela, zintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokugqibela zafunyanwa: zero ngezibizo kwimiba yodwa, ekupheleni -a ukubonisa izifundo ezimbini kunye nokuphela kokubonisa inani lezinto ezingaphezu kwembini. Ekuqaleni ukuphela -a kugcinwe kulawo mazwi abonisa izinto ezibiniweyo: iliso, icala, njalo njalo. Kancinci, iphantse ixhomekeke ekupheleni kwamagama kunye namanye amagama.

Kodwa izibizo ezinobuninzi kwiindawo ezininzi ziye zagcina zigcina -i: i-akhawunti, abaqhubi, oonjiniyela, abafundisi, abahloli nabahloli, kodwa ootitshala.

Ngamanye amaxesha kunyanzelekile ukuba kuthathe ingqalelo intsingiselo yelixical yegama. Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "utitshala" elinentsingiselo "utitshala" linomxholo ongaphantsi wokugqibela-mna, kwaye ngentsingiselo "intloko yokufundisa" -kuphela -i; Igama elithi "iphepha" (iphepha) linokuphela-kwaye, "iqela" (umthi) liphela -y.

Ukudibanisa kweemimiselo kukufaka ubungqina bokuba ubutyebi obuhle boRashiya. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, oku kubangela ubunzima abathile, kuba kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe kule ncwadana indlela efanelekileyo. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kuphela ukuba uphawu lwezinto ezihlukeneyo luyaziwa, umbala wezobugcisa. Ngenxa yesifundo esicacileyo sokusetyenziswa kwintetho (ngomlomo nangobhaliweyo) weenguqu ezihlukeneyo, iilwimi ziye zakha izichazi-magama ezikhethekileyo kunye nezichazi-magama ezichazayo, apho izilwimi zolwimi ezizimeleyo ngolwimi lwangoku lwangoku.