I-Mono-hybrid Crosses

Ukuwela kwe-Mono-hybrid kuyinqamlezo, apho impawu yohlukwano lweefom zabazali omnye komnye ngokwemiqathango enye ekhoyo, izinto ezichaseneyo. Isalathiso naluphi na umzimba womzimba, nayiphi na impawu zayo okanye umgangatho, ngokubhekiselele ukuba kunokwenzeka njani ukuhlula abantu. Kwizityalo, loo propati leyo, umzekelo, umlo we-corolla (njengemimitha okanye imimandla), umbala wayo (omhlophe okanye obomvu), njl. Iinkalo zibandakanya izinga lokuvuthwa (ukuvuthwa ngokukhawuleza okanye ukuvuthwa kwangaphambili), kunye nokuxhatshazwa okanye ukufumana izifo ezithile .

Zonke iipropati ngokubanzi, ukuqala kwangaphandle kunye nokuphela kwezixhobo ezithile ekusebenzeni okanye kwisakhiwo seeseli, izitho, izicubu, zibizwa ngokuba yi-phenotype. Le ngcamango ingasetyenziselwa ngokunxulumene nesinye sezibonakaliso ezikhoyo.

Ukubonakaliswa kwepropati kunye neempawu zenziwa phantsi kolawulo lwezinto ezikhoyo zelifa - ngamanye amagama, izakhi zofuzo. Ngokudibeneyo, iigenesi zenza i-genotype.

I-Mono-hybrid crosses ngokweMendel imelwe ngokuwela iigrafu. Kule meko, kukho ezinye iipropati ezikhethiweyo ezimhlophe njengeentyatyambo ezimhlophe nezibomvu, umbala oluhlaza kunye nombala obomvu weembotyi ezinobumba, ubomvu kunye nobushushu bomhlaba kunye neminye.

Ukuqhuba isiphambano se-mono-hybrid, uG. Mendel, isityalo se-botanist yase-Austrian yekhulu le-10, safumanisa ukuba kwisizukulwana sokuqala (F1), zonke izityalo ze-hybrid zineentyantyambo ze-purple hue, ngelixa umbala omhlophe awubonakali. Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho wokuqala ka- Mendel wokulingana kweesampula zesizukulwana sokuqala wawususwe. Ukongezelela, usosayensi waqinisekisa ukuba kwisizukulwana sokuqala zonke iisampuli zazingqinelana kunye nazo zonke izici ezisixhenxe ezifundwe ngabo.

Ngaloo ndlela, umnqamlezo womzi-hybrid uququzelela abantu besizukulwana sokuqala ukuba kukho imiqondiso eminye yomzali omnye, ngelixa ipropati yomnye umzali ibonakala iphela. I-predominance yezinto eziphathekayo uG. Mendel ubizwa ngokuba yi-dominance, kwaye imiqondiso ngokwayo iphezulu. Inzululwazi yabiza iimpawu ezingabonakali njengento eqhelekileyo.

Ukuqhuba umnqamlezo we-mono-hybrid, uG. Mendel wazithoba kwi-pollination kwi-hybrid ekhulile yesizukulwana sokuqala. Yenzelwe kuzo imbewu inzululwazi yahlwayela kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko, wamkela isizukulwana sesibini sesizukulwana (F2) sesixhobo. Kwimimodeli efunyenweyo, ukucoca kwakuboniswa kwimihlaba engaphezulu kwi-3: 1. Ngamanye amazwi, ezintathu kwikota yabantu abavela kwisizukulwana sesibini babenempahla ephezulu, kunye nekota enye. Ngenxa yolu vavanyo, uG. Mendel wagqiba ekubeni umgangatho ogqithiseleyo kwiisampuli wawukhutshwe, kodwa akazange aphele, avele kwisizukulwana sesibini. Olu lwazi lubizwa ngokuba ngumThetho wokuHluthwa (umthetho wesibini kaMendel).

Izazinzulu zasebenzela olunye ulwahlulo lwe-mono-hybrid ukwenzela ukutyhila indlela ukulandelana kuzo kuza kwenzeka ngayo kwisizukulwana sesithathu, sesine nesilandelayo. Wakhula iisampuli esebenzisa ukuzithobela impoli. Njengomphumo wovavanyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba izityalo, iimpawu zazo ezigqithiseleyo (iintyatyambo ezimhlophe, umzekelo), kwizizukulwana ezalandelayo zivelisa inzala kuphela ngalezi zakhiwo (eziphambili).

Izityalo zesityalo sesizukulwana sesibini, esibizwa ngokuba yi-G. Mendel njengabantu abakhulu (abanikazi, umzekelo, iintyatyambo ezibomvu) baziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Phakathi kwezi sampulu, usosayensi, ukuhlalutya inzala, ichonge amaqela amabini ngokwahlukileyo kwangaphandle kwizinto ezithile.

Kubantu abahlukeneyo kwiimpawu ezimbini, isiphambano se dihybrid sisetyenziswe . Imisebenzi yokuqulunqa ama-genotype kunye nama-phenotypes ayafana nokulula, xa ixazululwa, imithetho kaMendel isetyenziswe.