Ukuze Zemsky - umzimba engundoqo yolawulo karhulumente. ukuze Zemsky: inkcazelo kunye nembali

Emva kwexesha isifo yolawulo recovery ngcembe Great Vladimir kunye eMoscow amazwe. iimfazwe ezininzi kunye insurgencies yinto elidlulileyo, eli lizwe sele izinzisiwe kwaye wazuza amandla lobuzwilakhe tsarist. ulawulo Ukuqinisa lalikhatshwa ukwandiswa abasemagunyeni olawulo, ekwakukho phakathi Zemsky umyalelo - ukulawula karhulumente engundoqo kunye nomzimba kweliso.

I okuqala

Ngexesha Ixesha Iingxaki, akukho ebalulekileyo karhulumente nabasemagunyeni lingekhoyo khona. wonke ummandla Russia oqotyiweyo. Kodwa ukunyuka kancinane yempembelelo ubulawuli eMoscow kwakhokelela ekukhuleni somhlaba kuwa phantsi kolawulo amanene eMoscow, yaye ngoko ke kufuneka ke eyakhe arhente zolawulo lomhlaba.

Njengoko iziko elizimeleyo Zemsky umyalelo kuqala kukhankanyiwe amaxwebhu ngo-1564, nangona abanye abasebenzi ababebizwa ngokuba zemstvo amadikoni benza umsebenzi wabo ukususela 1500. Ukuvela imizimba ezisembindini weBhodi emazweni Russian uthi buthathaka impembelelo yabantu basebukhosini njengenkosana boyar, esomeleza urhulumente kazwelonke. Zemsky Sobor nemiyalelo zaye ekhoyo kwamasebe amabini lwamandla: lomthetho nelesigqeba. Ibhunga yokuqala ngo ebudeni bolawulo Ivana Groznogo ngo-1549 kwaye ingqamana ukuqhubela elibukhali kwembambano i "bottom" yaye "top" ngelo xesha, esizibonakalisa elikomkhulu mazwe Russian, kwaye ekwimimandla emelene nazo izilawuli. Imbali umhlalaphantsi nokukhweba Zemsky Sobor uye engamakhulu amabini. Ngokwembali, ukumiswa kunye nemiyalelo ukuba Sizibandakanye emagumbini ezimbini: eyokuqala ukuya zayo, abanumzana, noonondyebo kunye uRabheshake, okwesibini - abantwana izinduna ', iirhuluneli, nabathetheli kunye nezidwangube.

Ubume bale Order Provincial

Ubuninzi kumagosa Kwilizwe umyalelo zaye aluzunguleza intloko, amisiweyo ukusuka yezikhulu yasekuhlaleni. Baphila guards esitratweni, abatoli kunye gunners. Kwakhona phantsi oonobhala emkhusaneni, owayephethe amasango ixake izitrato eMoscow ubudala, yarygi - onoxanduva zokucoca iipavumente kunye ezahlukeneyo dolophu, ukwenza iintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi.

Uxanduva Order Provincial

ukuze Zemsky ukuba enze imisebenzi yakhe ngokusekelwe imithetho emininzi kunye nemiyalelo ngabasemagunyeni. amagosa alo ezenzé oomabhalane kamasipala kunye tretnikov ezikhoyo - proteges izinduna nabathetheli. Phakathi imisebenzi engundoqo kumagosa umyalelo baba:

• Umhlaba indawo phantsi kolawulo lwabo, ulawulo lweedolophu;
• yokuqokelela irhafu;
• kwisimangalo kwaye lisaqhubeka kunye kwiiklasi asezantsi labantu;
• zokunyanzelisa umthetho, ekulweni nomlilo;
• ekulweni kormchestvom, nezamahenyukazi nokungcakaza.

Inqanaba iyonke nophuhliso eMoscow idolophu eqhelekileyo aphakathi: izitrato emxinwa, inkunkuma manzi, zitsho njengomgquba phezu ezitalatweni kunye elitsarhayo yi nodandatheko. Kuba veki nangeeholide lizama ukuzisa ukuze ezitratweni eMoscow, imeko kwebhulorho kunye St Nicholas Butcher Street, apho wayesoloko ukumkani, zixhaswa yi phantse osendaweni. Kamva, wonke umsebenzi emdaka kuye babenikelwe kwezithobekileyo - yaryzhnyh. Kwakhona wayalela ukuba ukucoca izitalato, susa ubumdaka, ukuba bakhonze izitali lwamagosa amanene.

amapolisa asebenza eMoscow

ukuze Zemsky ahlawule umsebenzi amapolisa Moscow, nenoxanduva inkqubo kwaye kuthintelwe amatyala ezingephi. Ulawulo lwabasebenzi wayengekho enkulu. INtloko yesebe yamapolisa wakhethwa aluzunguleza entloko, nto leyo ofisi kunye ofisi ezincinane ezazabelwe. Ukuze uncede Abatoli wema intloko kunye emkhusaneni oomabhalane. Esisityebi iinkundla kunye nophando inkonzo yokhuseleko kwaye phantse akukho adibane namapolisa yabo.

ulawulo Development Zemsky

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 Zemsky umyalelo yahlulwa enkundleni ezimbini kwisiphaluka, nabanegunya kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo eMoscow. Inani lamagosa ababekhonza-odolo, zandiswa imisebenzi yayo. Onke amaphepha yahlulwe "inqanawa" yaye "imali" iitafile. Xa iincwadi ezithile kwakungene ezikhalazo, ukuthabatheka yaye yamkelwa emva kokuba ingqalelo isigqibo.

Emva kokuba ezasungulwa Peter I, ngokusekelwe kwi-European endleleni yobomi, umyalelo wabhangiswa kunye Zemsky Sobor. ICandelo loMphathiswa kunye neBhodi akhiwa imifuziselo osentshona yaseYurophu. Ukuba ndiziphathisiwe iindaba uxanduva ukuba urhulumente omdala.

imvuselelo Zemstva

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, ekuweni kwenkqubo ekhoyo ezemali iinguqu Tsar Alexander II ngokuphathelele ngokutsha yolawulo. Omnye wokuqala wadlulisela ukulungiswa balapho-government, apho abasemagunyeni banikwe amagunya yaye ngokuyinxenye nako ukwenza izigqibo ezizimeleyo.

Ngelo xesha, ukuba siphakamise umba yonyango belali ze uqale inkqubo "ugqirha Zemsky". IMbasa ulungiselelo lokhathalelo lwempilo kukhokelele kwiimbombo qelele loogqirha eli lizwe kunye paramedics, abajongene unyango olungxamisekileyo.

iinkqubo zemfundo banikwa iimeko ilungelo lokuba bafunde ukufunda nokubhala kwawona maqela ezininzi labemi - abalimi. Ibhunga District ngokwayo lithathe isigqibo malunga ulwakhiwo kaloliwe kunye nokwakhiwa kwamashishini amakhulu orhwebo. ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa kubomi benkcubeko kwiidolophu ezincinane kunye ukwazi: zemidlalo ezivulekileyo, izifundo yabasetyhini, amathala eencwadi kawonke-wonke kunye namanye amaziko enkcubeko kunye emfundo. Ngelishwa, le revolution kunye imfazwe wayitshabalalisa yonke enokubakho yaziswa ubomi nguqulelo karhulumente kwenkulungwane ye-19.

Ngelo xesha langoku ngo izifundo kwimbali kunye nokhuphiswano abazinikele ekufundweni elidluleyo ilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, common task:? "" Order "," Zemsky Sobor "," Ubulungiseleli "," kwikholeji "- ukuba kakhulu ' Impendulo echanekileyo iya kuba "Zemsky Sobor", njengoko kwakunjalo yowiso-mthetho kunye onke amanye amaziko kulawulo loluntu ahleliweyo - esilawulayo.