Aleksandr Ivanovich Pokryshkin: biography. Zingaphi moya wadubula phantsi Pokryshkin?

Ngowe-2018 nyaka uphawula iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci mahlanu, pilot fighter udumileyo, yayingubani wokuqala kwimbali yelizwe lethu uye waba ligorha amaxesha eSoviet Union kathathu. Lifikile ixesha lokuba bajonge into eyenziwa iziganeko elide-elidlulileyo, ukuqinisekisa izibakala kunye, ulwazi olutsha kutshanje kupapashwa ze uzame ukufumana impendulo yalo mbuzo: "? Enyanisweni, indlela iinqwelomoya ezininzi wadubula phantsi Pokryshkin" Air Marshal waye ebomini edume kakhulu, yaye namhlanje umdla kuviwo olulilinge ezaziwayo-kakuhle ukuze ube ngaphantsi. Ababhali-mbali bafune amaxwebhu endala uvimba ukufumana indlela iinqwelomoya ezininzi wadubula phantsi Pokryshkin eneneni. Ezi zatifikethi ezininzi kakhulu ezahlukeneyo.

biography

Pokryshkina Alexander Ivanovich ilizwe olungasoze liwulibale, ngenxa yokuba nobuntu enkulu kwaye iqhutywa ivili lamabali zakhe. Wazalelwa kwintsapho kubasebenzi, idolophu waba naseNovosibirsk (ngoko Novonikolayevsk). Emva kokuphumelela kumabanga ezisixhenxe esikolweni, wagqiba ukulandela ekhondweni likayise waza wathabatha "Sibkombaynstroy" mveliso (nangoku kwishishini ophambili, nangona kwi kwesinye ubizwa ngokuba) toolmaker elula. Kukho kwakhona ngeminyaka emibini ukufunda eli okukhethekile kuqeqesho mveliso esikolweni. Ekubeni Pokryshkina biography yaqala ngoFebruwari 1913, ixesha okumkani nga khumbula, kwaba ngokupheleleyo indoda ukuma entsha - i zokunyanzelisa aneziphiwo umsebenzi nokufunda, abantu phantse bonke abatsha amashumi eminyaka yokuqala lizwe eSoviet. Ngowe-1932, i "umoya abagulayo" Alexander Pokryshkin, ogama biography kuloo mzuzu waba enxulumene ngokupheleleyo mboni. Wangena kwisikolo yesithathu moya zomkhosi. Phantse zonke amakhwenkwe namantombazana amaninzi kwelo xesha wayefuna ukuba ngabaqhubi, yaye ezininzi kanti, ngoko ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wenza konke ukuze ukuphuhlisa moya.

Pokryshkin Aleksandr Ivanovich waphumelela esikolweni oku kakuhle, yaye wathunyelwa iLeningrad iikhosi ukuphucula, yaye ekupheleni kuka-1934 yaye sele wabelwa ukuba elizukileyo Division Taman elihamba - kwinqanaba eliphezulu moya uchwepheshe. Yena wayemi e Krasnodar, apho uchwepheshe oselula bakhonza iminyaka emine, rhoqo baphupha lo msebenzi elingwayo. Pokryshkin Aleksandr Ivanovich akazange nje nokuphupha ngayo - njani - wenza. Phantse mane iingxelo wabhalela amagunya isicelo iyithumele kwi Flight School, kodwa yena oyingcaphephe enkulu, yaye le ndlela abaphathi wayengafuni kuphulukana. Pokryshkin Aleksandr Ivanovich saliwe yi, kodwa gqolo waqhubeka ukufunda imbali moya ngokuzimeleyo, imathematika, inzululwazi, imbali emkhosini, geometry oluchazayo, nokuba zomzimba. Kwaye ke ukufumana indlela eyahlukileyo.

Pilot!

NgoSeptemba 1938, Alexander wathabatha Pokryshkin leeholide elandelayo, kodwa akazange aye kuphumla. Uyeza Krasnodar club eziphaphazelayo upasisiwe iintsuku elinesixhenxe, inkqubo iminyaka emibini yonke kakhulu. Kwaye emva koko wabhala I ingxelo wamashumi omane, ukuya apho isiqinisekiso sokugqitywa. Abasemagunyeni kwafuneka ukuba anikezele, kwaye sele naye iimbeko ngoNovemba kunyaka olandelayo waphumelela ngumKachin Military Aviation School. Ke yena pilot, yaye kungekudala kuya kuba lula ukubala indlela iinqwelomoya ezininzi utshaba wadubula phantsi Pokryshkin. Xa kusebusika ka-1939, wayesele pilot amahlanu yesihlanu-Fighter webutho e Odessa. iinyanga ezimbini phambi kokuba kuqale imfazwe phakathi sikhokelo ngokutsha Pokryshkin ngowokuqala kakuhle MIG-3, ukutyala kunye biplane I-15. Ngowe-1941 waba sombutho kunye namasekela senior butho alimwi. Kakade ke, beza phambi evela kwiiyure yokuqala yemfazwe. De ukuwa-1942, yena uziphose moya Yak-1, I-16, MIG-3, yaye ngowe-1943 wazama ukubhabha American "Cobra" (P-39) neliqaqambileyo kakhulu iimfazwe kwi Kuban.

Ngeli xesha sele enokwenzeka kuthi ukuba iinqwelomoya ezininzi wadubula phantsi Pokryshkin. NgoMeyi 1943 waba nokuhlasela 354, 54 iimfazwe umoya, wadubula phantsi 19 moya utshaba, awusebenzeleyo wawongwa isihloko Hero kuye, wawongwa Order of Lenin kunye Gold Star. Ngo-Agasti ka nyaka mnye uzuzele Zototuyu Star yesibini. Zingaphi moya wadubula phantsi Pokryshkin ngexesha nje elingephi? Kwafa! Ngabanye! Kwaye loo nto bonke. bazisa 1943rd zomkhosi nyaka enzima kuye nowesithathu umvuzo ofanayo. Amahlanu anamashumi amahlanu nokuhlasela elinamanci mathathu asixhenxe amadabi umoya, iintshaba amahlanu waphu-! Amaqhawe abaninzi abadumileyo wazalelwa kwilizwe lethu navuso; kodwa Alexander Pokryshkin - uTshawe izihlandlo ezithathu! Kwaye kanye kuqala! Ukususela ngoMeyi 1944, wathi weThoba Guards Fighter Division de ekupheleni kwemfazwe, eyaphela ngowe-isikhundla sikhulu. Kwi Ukoyisa Parade ngoJuni 1945, umqhubi bamthwala Pokryshkin isibhengezo ngaphambili.

Kwenzeka ntoni elandelayo

Ngoko nangoko emva kwemfazwe, wafunda hayi Frunze Military Academy, ukusuka apho waphumelela ngowe-1948, yaye waqhubeka izifundo zakhe Military Academy of Staff Jikelele. Okulandelayo, ngaphantsi kancinane kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu yaba izikhundla ezininzi uxanduva imikhosi ikhusele eli lizwe. Ngowe-1953, waba jikelele, yaye ngowe-1972 - Marshal, emva koko waya DOSAAF yiSoviet Union. I Region naseNovosibirsk wonyulwa ulibamba ziintlanganiso ezisibhozo ezilandelelanayo, yaba lilungu le-Elawulayo USSR Ephakamileyo Soviet. Yaye wabhala incwadi echulumancisayo, leyo wayifunda kulutsha Soviet. Sasikuthanda uthando olukhethekileyo "amaphiko fighter," Zazi wena ekulweni "," Skies of War. "

ofanelwe Homeland i pilot banetalente kuhlolwe sempumelelo. Ukongeza iinkwenkwezi zegolide ezintathu Hero, e Pokryshkina imiyalelo elinesixhenxe kunye iimbasa ezininzi efunyenwe ngexesha lemfazwe. Kwezi elinethoba amabhaso aye uTshawe evela kwamanye amazwe - Asia, eAfrika, eYurophu. Nkqu United States bawongwa le pilot ngempumelelo imbasa yakhe yegolide "Kuba e Battle", athe wanikwa egameni sikaMongameli Roosevelt. Ngowe-1993, enye iiplanethi ezincinane yaziwa ngokuba "Pokryshkin", yaye ngowe-1995, wavula egameni naseNovosibirsk Pokryshkina Museum. Ngo-2000, isikhululo metro naseNovosibirsk wafumana "Pokryshkinskaya", yaye ngo-2005 kwindawo enye, kwi-Karla Marksa Square, ilitye elimiswe ukuba umqhubi odumileyo. Monument ku Aleksandru Ivanovichu Pokryshkinu apho Krasnodar. In Russia and Ukraine, izitalato ezininzi zithiywe iqhawe. Imbeko kaMarshal kunye countryman mmandla naseNovosibirsk iseke Pokryshkina imedali akhuthaza ingakumbi abantu eliphum baye benza igalelo ezizodwa kwimfundo emkhosini-ubuzwe, ukugcina ekulweni ukulungela kwilizwe lethu, ekuqhubeleni phambili ukukhunjulwa Siberians bafayo IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic neemfazwe ezilandelayo.

iimpawu zobuqu

Ngexesha lemfazwe, akukho namnye umntu oye waba ligorha izihlandlo ezithathu, yaye esixhenxe kuphela labaqhubi bethu bakwazi knock phantse kangangoko, ukuba iinqwelomoya ezininzi wadubula phantsi Pokryshkin. Ke Kozhedub and zhukov baqalisa abalinganiswa ezintathu emva kokuba uloyiso. Ngowe-1944, uMongameli US ebizwa Alexander Pokryshkina best umoya ACE. Kodwa hayi nje kuphela ngenxa igalelo. Iziphumo khange abonakale bebodwa. Pokryshkin wasungula yaye liphuhlise amaqhinga eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo yokulwa lomoya. Ngaphezu koko, wazama ukuba konke kwaye iphunyezwe, ebenza isichenge nje ubomi babo, kodwa igama elihle. Malunga ukuphumeza njani inkolelo yakhe yokulwa practice Pokryshkin uAleksandr Ivanovich, ukuba iinqwelomoya ezininzi wadubula phantsi bembuza - waziswe ukuba nikholwe kuye, waqonda ukubaluleka ingcamango elitsha ibali eyahlukileyo.

Pokryshkin indoda nje elizimisele kakhulu, ehlala ezama ngenxa yale njongo. Yena nezimo kakhulu, nako lokuzithethelela, akafiki ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya ngxaki, njengoko namanye, kunye nangowesithathu. Ukongeza, ingqiqo yobulungisa kuyo kwathiwa Liloliwe ukuze kuye bonke abanye kulula ukubeka kwikhadi. Kwakukho Kwimeko enjalo ochazwe iinkumbulo Basil Sevastianova, Pokryshkina asebenza. Alarm wamashumi-wesixhenxe nyaka, amaza kwabanjwa eziziintshaba zabantu. Ngu Aviagorodok apho asebenza moya amagcisa Pokryshkin, kakhulu, ingcinezelo ongenakuwelwa. Njengoko umfazi umqhubi babanjwa bagxothwe kunye amatakane ekunene kwisitrato imvula, Pokryshkin wayeka, lo gama enye, bemthoba amehlo akhe, wabaleka elidlulileyo. Xa wafunda ukuba kwenzeka ntoni, wabuza Basil ukuba yokuhlala kuye egumbini lakhe wamnika le ntsapho. Kwanasemva kokuba isilumkiso nemiphumo uncedo kwizalamane lotshaba, isigqibo sabo akawatshintshi loo manqaku, wathi omoyikayo nto elila kunye kids nentlungu. Yaba umgaqo ubomi, yamlandela Pokryshkin yonke imihla, kude kube sekuphelisweni kwephakade ubomi bakhe. Kwakhona abantwana bakhe. Ekunye nomfazi wakhe uMary badibana ngo-1942 - ngaphambili. UNyana Alexander kunye nentombi uSvetlana umntu ukuba.

amacebo

Ngemihla yokuqala yemfazwe, emva imilo eziliqela Alexander Pokryshkin waqonda ukuba moya zethu emva Nngokobuchwepheshe nje kuphela, kodwa tactically. Yaba pilot brilliant, kwaye ngoko beza kwisigqibo ukuba kufuneka iindlela ezintsha imfazwe, nto leyo eya kusinceda soyise oku kungalingani. Yaye ngoko nangoko ukuba zizakhele iindlela ezintsha, flight, waqalisa le ncwadi, nto leyo eye iphuhlise iqhinga entsha, kwaye mlweli edabini. Ngokukhawuleza kuzaliswa iigrafu, iitshati, amanqaku. Yaye izimvo zabo phambi zakonspektirovat, qiniseka ukuba zihlole Pokryshkin Alexander, ezichazwe ngokufutshane khangela izisombululo, kwakuthetha iimpazamo, wagxininisa luck. Konke oku kudla kakhulu babephikisana kunye imiyalelo esele zenzelwe isicelo Air Force.

Ukusebenza labaqeshi ekulweni ayikwazanga ukukholisa. Ngoko ke, ukuba isibini sokuqala abaninzi iintshaba wamoyisa Pokryshkin ayifumenga nendumiso, kwaye abathethise sokuziphatha imfazwe le ngokwesiko. Kodwa akaba nako siyeke pilot yabo yophando. Strange ukuthi, i asterisks ngaphezulu ivele fuselage ezi zithuthi yotshaba waphu-, ukufumana ubudlelwane langoku kunye umyalelo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1942, umoya ACE ilungileyo uphum'aphele leliqela, wabeka indlu abalindi bahlanganisana ukunika inkundla ngokwala ngenxa yokuhlutha imiyalelo imfazwe. Lucky - Kwathi abasemagunyeni emi ephezulu kakhulu yaye wacela ukubona iqhinga entsha emfazweni. Pokryshkina ukhululeka ukubonisa Flight ngesandla sakhe. Kwaye ke moya Pokryshkina wabonisa konke okusemandleni. Nabaqashi bavuya. Noko ke, wacela imiyalelo ukuba aphule naliphi na ngakumbi. Njani kunokwenzeka oku ukuba yingqondi yokwenyani? yingqondi yokwenyani ze tshwa ngokungazi kwayo.

Kuban

Xa Kuban kwakukho amadabi bungwanyalala, bendiza akazange abe nexesha ukufumana ulale ngokwaneleyo. Umphathi - edume uKonstantin Andreevich Vershinin - wabona pilot Pokryshkina ku: tye phambi kwamehlo akhe i-ACE air wadubula phantsi elinye emva kwelinye moya ezine. Vershinin igqithiswe ngokukhawuleza Alexander Pokryshkin Order of the oluBomvu Banner, yaye wayalela ukuba bangenise isihloko Hero. NgoMeyi 1943, kwintlanganiso nabathetheli-Southern Front, eyama, apho ngqwayi bizela Pokryshkina. Alexander nelokuthula tu, yaye wayelapho akayi kuba neentloni. Wacela ukuba athethe, wathi kabukhali ukuba zonke iziyalezo endala yabaqhubi yonke imiyalelo azikho kuluncedo kwaye iyingozi, kufuneka kufakwe ubuncinane kuba ngabaqhubi zethu kuba kufa kakhulu.

Kodwa wathi ngoko ukuba le ndlela intsha, echaza ngophuhliso kunye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuvavanya amaqhinga zakho. Behleli kwiholo iinjengele kunye colonels akhwankqiswa: hayi ibonwe ukuzithemba, kungekhona nenkalipho ukukhiwa ethile Pokryshkin. Mhlawumbi, ukuba ezabo liqhuma gumbi, bekuya kuba isimanga kangaka. Isithethi elandelayo yaye ushwankathelwa self Vershinin. Okokuqala, wavuma ukuba ukusilela neentsilelo okuququzelela asilwi ngokwenene kakhulu, kwaye Pokryshkin ezilikhulu ngamaxesha afanelekileyo. Ke kuwo bonke abakhoyo bafumana umyalelo: nangoko amava Tyres yamkele, yaye ikomkhulu yomkhosi kufuneka ngoko nangoko alungiselele umyalelo onke amajoni kwi abasebenzi ngokubanzi, kuquka iinkqubo zokusebenza kufuneka itshintshwe. Apha kwakunjalo Pokryshkina iyure esihle! ngokwenene amaqhinga idabi omtsha yaba impumelelo yayo kwimisebenzi zomkhosi kwi Kuban. A practice zibethe ngokukhawuleza.

Indlela walwa Pokryshkin

Wayesoloko wathabatha eyingozi kakhulu, lo nto kunzima: kunkqonkqoze umphathi leqela, ukuchonga abaqhubi abaninzi abanezakhono ndlongondlongo. Zonke Pokryshkin phambili wathabatha phezu kwakhe. Aces German waba inkqubo efanayo: a butho liqhuba abanolwazi kakhulu, kwaye isoloko - umphathi. Yintoni na okhokela ukuhlaselwa? Ngokutsho mhlaseli 'ingqalelo zonke komlilo, oko kukuthi, yonke imipu zonke nemipu ekuhlaseleni ezama ukukhusela inkosi yakhe eziphaphazelayo, nesijijekileyo ngeenxa libubu ukulwa gada. Ukubalelwa: ngelo xesha bayahlaselwa mlweli umhlaseli kufuneka aphephe zonke yesibini enesiqingatha amawaka ekonookrwece iimbumbulu. Alimwi iqela abalwa ukuhlasela nzima. Sekunjalo, esibhakabhakeni, amaJamani bakwazi ukulwa okuhle, njengoko bafunda kwethu.

Ke Pokryshkin wafundisa - ngobuchule kwakunye nokukhula. angaphantsi kwakhe siqonde ezintsha waza wabahlalisa nawo ekulweni nombulelo. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba waqhubeka ephila, yaye okwesibini ngenxa yokuba enye babe Aces. I Guards webutho, apho wakhonza Pokryshkin, edume kubafundi bakhe: mathathu Gerov yiSoviet Union wenza oku uzuko. Pokryshkin akhawunti yakho moya waphu- lanyuka na ngenxa podchinonnnyh yabo kufuneka kubo ephila. Wathi kunye yokuba nasshibayut kakhulu ngakumbi. amaxesha amaninzi ngomzuzu wokugqibela yaphosa usukelo ukuba sele kwi radar, leyo sele bakhuliswe kwaye baqeqeshwe, yaye yonke into ngokukhawuleza awayihlangula ye pilot butho yakhe. Kakhulu Pokryshkina emagqabini kakhulu into yokuba akukho namnye amakhoboka akhe wafa nayiphi na imilo. Nkqu waphu- iintshaba njengoko musa ukuma. Ngaphandle abafundi zabo, ngaphandle abahlobo, kodwa ndandingenakho nokulicingela ubomi.

ukuthobeka

Emva kokuba ntetho leyesithathu Golden Star of Pokryshkin wafunda lonke elo lizwe. Zonke amaphephandaba enkulu zelimiweyo eni bakhe. Emva koko wafumana umyalelo candelo nocwangco ngabathwali zilungiswe ngo-1108, kubandakanywa amaqhawe phantse amathandathu eSoviet Union. Xa zizonke, lonke ukwahlulwa yabaqhubi yimoto moya amawaka utshaba. Kuwo onke amanqanaba sasiya Pokryshkin ukuze amava.

Pokryshkin Aleksandr Ivanovich Sekunjalo wankqonkqoza phantsi iinqwelomoya ezininzi? Ngokusemthethweni - amahlanu anethoba. Umhleli we memoirs bakhe "Ukuze ukwazi ukuhanjwa emfazweni" Eugene Podolsky wazama ukuba bafumanise ngaphezulu kanye lomzobo, njengoko abantu abaninzi ulwazi wathi ukuba understated kakhulu. Pokryshkin shrugged wathi ukuba akukho kubaluleke kakhulu, kubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba ukwahlukana lonke ngo-1147 wehla Aces German.

zokubhalela pilot

Kodwa kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, xa umqhubi qwa ke akasekho, umhlolokazi wakhe, uMary Kuzminichna wavula yokugcina lobuqu Alexander Pokryshkina. Lo iidayari bakhe, iileta, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - i eziphathwayo walondoloza ukusuka lemfazwe, apho kukho ngendlela ngokomthetho abhalwe ngocoselelo yonke loo moya waphu- - uhlobo, indawo, kwaye zonke iimeko oko kwenzeka phantsi kwazo. Kwaye kuphela ingxelo kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni amajoni emhlabeni. A Pokryshkin walwa nje kuphela ukulwa, kodwa ukwenza imisebenzi sokuhlola. Wayedla wadibana yedwa utshaba oLwandle Omnyama, ngaloo ndlela ukubhalwa ukufa lutshaba, akukho muntu. Ukongeza, Alexander Pokryshkin baqonde yimincili labaqhubi eziselula isiphumo yokulwa imishini, iimvakalelo zabo malunga yokungabi namava, nto leyo kutheni kuwa phezu koomatshini utshaba, ngoko guys ngokufuthi labakhuthaza ukuba ndandisela moya lwamaNazi - ngenxa yabo.

Zonke 1941 kuqala phantse yonke le minyaka 1942, xa bebaleka, kunye zokuqala mbhodamo ngokupheleleyo umkhosi yethu, nto leyo yaqinisekiswa? Phezulu kubo. Kwakukho nokuba ityala apho isahlulo evela kokusingqongileyo kunye zokulwa, ayikwazanga ukugcina amaxwebhu abasebenzi, wayitshisa umatshini yabo epheleleyo - Flight kunye neencwadi kuquka, apho Pokryshkina kwabhalwa elinesihlanu moya waphu- nguye buqu.

Kwaye apha ke zidweliswe kuphela notebook, apho siye sabona emva kokufa Marshal. Pokryshkin yena nje kuphela baphikelela "zabhalwa", kodwa akazange ayikhankanye le case - itshayo, oko wayitshisa phantsi. Akazange wakhokela incoko engabo buqu kwaye ngokwemeko yabo. Noko ke, emva kokufa Alexander Ivanovich, abaphandi wabonisa ukuba kukho ubuncinane 116.

Alexander - welungelo

Kodwa ke nempikiswano omnye wathetha ngokukhwaza Isenokusiqiqisa. Michael Devyatayev, lowo libela enkampini "Heinkel-111," wazisa amabanjwa zethu phezu kwayo, kuphela ngenxa yokuba Pokryshkin yafumana Hero, uze emva engxakini enkulu. Emva kwemfazwe, ukususela kwinkampu POW i (yayi American band!) Baxulutywa wamhlangula umfundi ozithandayo uIvan Babak, Ubethwe ngubani utshaba Aces ngaphezu mane leyo phambi kokuphuma kabuhlungu Pokryshkin thaca isihloko Hero.

Pilot Gregory Dol'nikov wadutyulwa phantsi, wayithimba, wabaleka waza kufika kwakhe, nto leyo siqalile kugweba yena. Pokryshkin wangenelela eso: "! Thina Dolnikova ulusu yonke ngobomi ebhalwe" - wathi. Eneneni, ukuba sele wabethwa kanobom kwaye lokungangcungcuthekiswa ekuthinjweni. Name Alexander liguqulelwe ngokusuka kwisiGrike njenge "nomkhuseli". Pokryshkin phambili ngokupheleleyo.