Amalungu yezilwanyana, iinkqubo omzimba: definition, imizekelo

A eziphilayo - yinkqubo amalungu amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye namalaphu. Ngomsebenzi wabo nelungelelanisiweyo yesilwanyana unako ukusebenza ngokwesiqhelo. Kwaye akunamsebenzi, kweliphi na inqanaba lophuhliso na umzimba. Umahluko kuphela kukuba abameli izilwanyana inokuba kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo yendaleko kunye, ke ngoko, amalungu zezilwanyana, iinkqubo iziko nabo kwahluka ngayo, malunga nesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza. Oku kusekelwe kumgaqo phylogeny.

Isakhiwo imizimba yezilwanyana

Ezininzi zomzimba isakhiwo eqhelekileyo yesekethe: nokuqina izihlunu esingxotyeni, umaleko kwimisipha umaleko embilwini. zingaphuhliswa ngokuxhomekeke ukusebenza kunye nemisebenzi ezi zoleko kakuhle, abekho okanye zongezwe zezinye iziza.

Ayizizo zonke izicwili zezilwanyana zakha amalungu. Umzekelo, coelenterates kunye iziponji, flatworms kunjalo ngabo kwinqanaba inyama lombutho.

Biology. inkqubo eziphilayo

Ekuqaleni, iqumrhu eziphilayo bezibandakanya iiseli ngokwahlukeneyo. Inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni imizimba ezilwanyana kwasekwa, iinkqubo omzimba. Ahluke ukusebenza, kodwa umsebenzi wabo ijolise kuphela into enye - ukuba bagcine rhoqo lwe kokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi umzimba kunye ubomi obuqhelekileyo.

Bucala iinkqubo organ ilandelayo:

1. kwegazi.

2. Digestive.

3. Musculoskeletal.

4. Excretion.

5. kungaPhefumli.

6. Ezingokuqandusela.

7. uvalo.

8. Imisebenzi.

9. Le nkqubo mizwa.

Inkqubo kwegazi ezilwanyana

isimiso lokuqala livele annelids, kwaye ke kufuneka ukuba ivalwe uhlobo. main inqanawa ezimbini - amaphiko kunye ventral. Bona nabo phambi komzimba iimpethu imijelo engamandla trivially ngokuba "iintliziyo", kodwa awusebenzi entities ezahlukeneyo, kodwa neempahla eziqhelekileyo, iindonga eziqulathe ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze kwezihlunu kwezihlunu.

Further Ukudaleka amalungu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ukuya kutsho yaye kubandakanywa nenkqubo yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe kwegazi lohlobo elivulekileyo;

- inkqubo golovohordovyh lwe lavalwa, kodwa akukho intliziyo;

- evela cyclostomes (hagfish, lampreys) livela dvukamernoe intliziyo;

- emanzini nasemhlabeni ezintathu-zawo intliziyo, igazi ixubene;

- iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, intliziyo abegumbi 4, ukuze babe nako ukugcina ubushushu bomzimba rhoqo (homeothermic).

inkqubo alimentary

inkqubo yokucola kuqala wachaza flatworms (ngohlobo lamajelo ezivaliweyo). Ezinqeni apho. Kamva, izibilini zezilwanyana ekhulisa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- i ziintshulube kubonakala wajula i wamathumbu: hindgut kunye empundu (kwi-moya abangamashumi amabini emathunjini);

- i annelids bakha namadlala calcium amathe, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo - yokubola detritus;

- arthropods ngaphambili nakumathumbu eliphakathi ngoku zazizaliswe amaqokobhe ngechitin;

- i Amphioxus ubonakala izalelwe hepatic;

- in neentlanzi cartilaginous - valve helical kwi emathunjini amancinci, umsebenzi wayo - ukunyusa umgangatho sokufunxa;

Kwemvelo - ngakumbi phezu ukwandiswa emathunjini, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukwanda kwindawo sokufunxa.

izixhobo weentshukumo

inkqubo Musculoskeletal ibandakanya iinkqubo ezimbini: asemzimbeni kunye nezihlunu. Amathambo lisebenza njenge inkxaso, kunye nezihlunu ezidala intshukumo kwisithuba. kwemvelo kutshanje yaba iyantlukwano enkulu kunye nokunciphisa lungiselelo metameric.

1. Amathambo liyavela cyclostomes.
2. Xa cartilaginous intlanzi cartilaginous ngayo, uninzi iintlanzi ingamathambo - ithambo.
3. Ndikunye ichweba e eziphila kuvela imilenze ezintlanu-fingered, amathambo ukuphuhlisa imilenze simahla kunye umqolo omtsha.
4. Ezirhubuluzayo kwakhiwa esifubeni.
5. Xa iintaka, kukho eninzi utshintsho kubume skeletal ngokunxulumene isixhobo ukubhabha.
6. Xa ezanyisayo, kukho umahluko lokugqibela ithambo.

inkqubo excretory

Yiyiphi uqhoqhoqho kukho amalungu izilwanyana? iinkqubo zomzimba nazo ziquka inkqubo secretion, nenoxanduva ndihambe ndikhetha umzimba pathways iimveliso, ubuthi, ibinza.

- flatworms inkqubo excretory imelwe protonephridia.

- In annelids sele metanephridia.

- In arthropods kuvela namadlala eluhlaza, iityhubhu Malpighian.

- We iimbaza - Kidney.

- Zonke ezi ntlobo zilandelayo (iintlanzi) intloko zezintso.

- In iintlanzi eziphila mesonephros.

Kuzo zonke, ekubeni ezirhubuluzayo kunye nesiphelo kunye ezanyisayo, le misebenzi yenziwa zangasese kidney.

isixokelelwano sokuphefumla

Iqhuba umsebenzi bume ekugayeni ioksijini. Okokuqala ubonakala arthropods.

- In intlanzi isixokelelwano sokuphefumla zimelwe yi iimpumlo.

- Izinambuzane - uqhoqhoqho.

- ku mbambela - ukukhanya akhiwa lweHo- yokwaleka.

- zonke izilwanyana kubandakanywa intlanzi isixokelelwano sokuphefumla - ukuba iigilizi.

- amasele kuphuhliswa imiphunga saccular.

- Izirhubuluzi - cellular.

- Iintaka - nomsi-.

- Mammals - lung alveolar.

luvo

luvo idibanisa ezinye iinkqubo sitho luyinto eyodwa, enika imiqondiso nokulawula ukusebenza isahlulelo ngasinye.

Luvo lohlobo ehlasela ivela coelenterates.

- flatworms ortogon okanye ileli luvo.

- Yenza ziintshulube peripharyngeal ring-luvo nemithambo zemithi.

- In annelids peripharyngeal ring-luvo kunye ventral nemithambo nentambo.

- In arthropods kukho ganglion intloko uhlala nemithambo intambo ventral.

- Maxa squid isiphambuka luvo.

- Kukho kuvela golovohordovyh ukwandiswa uvaleke ekupheleni phambi komzimba.

- I intlanzi cell ukuba zonke iindawo ebuchotsheni.

Ezinye ezirhubuluzayo kukho nokuqala neuron.

Xa ezanyisayo, kukho convolutions ebuchotsheni.

uhlelo zokuzala

umsebenzi uhlelo zokuzala - ukudlala uhlobo lwazo. Le nkqubo kunokuthi kuba yinkunzi nokuba yimazi, kukho hermaphrodites (annelids, mbambela). inkqubo Women uye bavela ngokuthe ngcembe. Amalungu eziphambili zezi isibeleko, tubes, zamaqanda. ntshulube abaninzi olwaye lwamfimfitha ngisho ootype kunye ezongezelelweyo umhlaza: protein, lo sac.

inkqubo Male lokuzala ibandakanya namasende kunye Vas Umbobho. Okulandelayo, isidoda ayaphuma ngokusebenzisa ilungu copulatory ngaphandle okanye amalungu zangasese.

isiphelo

Siye sajonga yintoni amalungu zezilwanyana. Iinkqubo zomzimba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ubomi eqhelekileyo ngokupheleleyo nawuphi na umntu, nokuba ngumntu, nokuba ntshulube. Ukuba inkqubo nganye isebenza kakuhle, ukugcina homeostasis yento ephilayo.

Abantwana eklasini biology ukufunda isakhiwo eziphilayo. izixhobo ezibonwayo kwenza kube lula ukuba ukukhumbula inkangeleko amalungu zezilwanyana. Iitafile lweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo inokufumaneka phantse naluphi eziphilayo sifundo.