India ezinomtsalane eli lizwe. India: Interesting Facts

Ifihlakele amazing India ... Xa kwesibhakabhaka kwayo kwakukho enye ephucuke endala ongumsunguli UbuBhuda, Jainism, Sikhism kunye ubuHindu. Kweli nqaku siza kuxubusha ngayo isakhiwo kweli lizwe. Makhe sihlolisise izinto isahlulo yesizwe-sendawo Indiya, ngokunjalo ukuxelela malunga ezinika eziphambili kunye nemibhiyozo.

The Republic of India. uhlobo Government

India sele ende yokulwela inkululeko yabo, ukuba thanga leBritani. Kulo mba, lo mbuzo udla umbuzo: "India - lobukhosi okanye republic?". Won kwinkulungwane XVIII, eli lizwe yafumana inkululeko kuphela ngo-1947. Ukususela ngoko, urhulumente umgaqo-nkqubo wophuhliso lwentando yesininzi kunye nophuhliso esebenzayo kweli lizwe liphela.

India - Republic, urhulumente federal, echazwe yi-siseko njengendlela Socialist Republic geqe wempangelo lwentando yesininzi. Xa intloko karhulumente kamongameli. India - republic yasepalamente kunye namagumbi amabini, nto leyo emele i-Rajya Sabha (edulusele endlwini) kunye yaBantu Chamber (indlu asezantsi).

States kunye zindawo nokwahlula yesizwe-lwengingqi Republic of India. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente kukho 29 ithi babe elilawulayo kunye mthetho nabasemagunyeni zabo. division kaZwelonke-sendawo India, kukwaquka ubukho imimandla. Iyonke kwimimandla lizwe 7 ngempela ukuba thaca imimandla emithandathu omnye Territory Ikomkhulu Delhi. Bona zilawulwa ngurhulumente kazwelonke of India.

Population nolwimi India

The Republic of India, ogama labantu ngomnye-yesithandathu kubantu behlabathi, yenye yezona beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kukho malunga 1.30 bhiliyoni ngabantu, ibe abaphengululi baqikelela ukuba kungekudala iza ndiyafumana, China ngamanani.

Hindi ulwimi yesizwe kunye ixhaphakileyo, oko kuthethwa ngaphezu kwe-40% yabemi. Ezinye iilwimi ethandwayo IsiNgesi, isiPunjabi, Urdu, gundzharti, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada, njalo njalo .. In the Indian lithi ziye iilwimi zabo ezisemthethweni.

Inkoliso yabantu bathi ubuHindu (80%) kwindawo yesibini yolwaphulo kumi Islam, ngoko unqulo zamaKristu, Sikhism nobuBhuda.

E India, kukho izinga eliphezulu lentswela. Xa abahlali ezigidi-engaqhelekanga yabantu esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho yezigidi kuphela 500 nama-70% agriculture kunye namahlathi, kwaye phantse isiqingatha sabantu abahlala ezidolophini, ingqesho kwicandelo nkonzo.

karhulumente Ancient kunye noluntu

Protogosudarstva yabunjwa Indiya nkqu BC I nkulungwane, ekugqibeleni atshintsha abe iimanyano karhulumente nentembelo ngakumbi inkqubo monarchical karhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ukumkani ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo kunye ekuthethwa ubukho engumzekelo the Republic of India.

Republic of India yamandulo ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa Kshatriya okanye republic oligarchic. Babedla balwa ukumkani womda ngamandla. Amandla kwiRiphabliki wayengekho ilifa kunye nabalawuli anyuliweyo akwazi ukuhamba, xa kwimeko ukunganeliseki kunye nomsebenzi wabo.

Nalapho ke, xa republic kuye ukwahlulwa koluntu ibe iindidi, eshiya kukho ubungqina olunzulu ngembali yelizwe, India (kwi zisekhona nangokodidi ulwahlulo likwaze). Ilungelo mkhulu umphakathi abameli oligarchy, ababethwala isihloko "Raja". Kwakufuneka Kwathi benze isithethe engcwele ezizodwa kuyimfuneko ukuze ufumane isihloko.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo nangokodidi liphezulu Terms ekuqaleni ingqalelo - abefundisi. Xa ukumkani, isiko baqhubeka. Kshatriyas efanayo - oko amajoni, abalindi, nakuzo zonke iinkcubeko, badla ke owesibini, ukuba yesithathu, emva zezwe. In Indian republic yamandulo Kshatriyas ezama kunye Terms ngenxa kolawulo lwabo, kwaye maxa wambi kunyanzeleke ukuba bazithobe Terms.

Indian ngokuphathelele

kuluntu lwanamhlanje Indian nangoku imbeko amasiko endala. Egqubayo kumaxesha amandulo kwicandelo loluntu isebenza namhlanje. Abemi Indiya kuxhomekeke imithetho engenasizathu ukuthi ezibekwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngokuphathelele nganye, ngoku kuthiwa Varna.

E India, kukho iindidi ezine eziphambili. Eli nqanaba liphezulu, njengoko ukumkani yamandulo, thatha Brahmans. Ngaphambili, baba ngababingeleli, kwaye ngoku nokufundisa ezicaweni, uzinikele kuphuhliso ngokomoya yaye ukufundisa uluntu. Ukuba ayikwazi ukuthetha emigudwini ayilungiselele ukutya, endingowakhe kwenye ngokuphathelele abantu.

Kshatriyas kukho inyathelo ngezantsi. Kaninzi abanezikhundla zolawulo okanye ngokunxulumana nemicimbi zomkhosi. Nakumabhinqa eli ngokuphathelele Akuvunyelwe ukutshata umntu ngezantsi seeteksi. Madoda, awusebenzi Lo mqathango.

Vaishya eside amafama kunye abarhwebi. Eluntwini Indian mihla, nabo zitshintshile umsebenzi. Ngoku Vaishya ukuze abasezikhundleni ezinxulumene ngemali.

Lo msebenzi mdaka wayehlala Sudras. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba abalimi kunye namakhoboka. Ngoku ke abangakwaziyo ezizezona labantu abahlala ematyotyombeni.

Enye ngokuphathelele ebizwa "abahluphekayo", nto leyo equka lonke esibulalayo. Bona, kwinqanaba loluntu, ngisho sezantsi Sudras. Abacalulwayo, kakade ngaphakathi umgangatho womntu, yahlulwe kumaqela ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, kukho iqela kuquka amafanasini, bisexuals, hermaphrodites. Abantu abanjalo badla ukonwabisa abantu bezinye iindidi kwiminyhadala ezahlukeneyo.

Ekuphela abantu Andilolungu lwalo naluphi na nangokodidi ingqalelo ngokwenene abagxothiweyo - pariah - abo bazelwe abantu iindidi ezahlukeneyo. na ukuba avunyelwe avele ezivenkileni, kwizithuthi zikawonke.

The Republic of India ezinika

Le ndawo idumileyo Akuthandabuzeki Taj Mahal - marble yamangcwaba, apho, ngokutsho legend, i umlawuli Indian wakha kwinkumbulo umkakhe amthandayo. amajukujuku White, bedidekile, iindonga ihonjiswe ngamatye anqabileyo, imizobo, ipaki kunye ikholam emangalisayo igalari.

Noko ke, oku akuthethi yonke into ndoqhayisa Republic of India. Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo ziquka zombini izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zokwakha eli lizwe kunye nobuhle bendalo. Umzekelo, Dudhsagar Ingxangxasi, egqalwa inkulu e-India. Oku ise eentaba i Ghats Koloni yaye singqongwe yembonakalo ezizodwa.

imizi Indian zinikezele eninzi inzala. E Delhi kukho inqaba Red Fort, eyakhiwe isimbo ezikhethekileyo wabeka isiseko Mughal izakhiwo.

E Mumbai, ungenza enyuka eminqubeni Bollywood - indawo engundoqo kwishishini lokwenziwa kweefilim Indiya. Streets "isixeko pink" of Jaipur ungakwazi ukuhamba. Nantsi kwibhotwe Maharaja kunye Fort Amber.

Kwisixeko yaseCalcutta, ngaphandle odumileyo Kali itempile yeyona zoo likhulu e-Indiya kunye Museum Indian.

khondo bamaxesha amandulo

izibonelelo ezininzi ezazakhiwe kudala ngaphambi kokufika yeRiphabliki mihla Indiya. stupa yokuqala ehlabathini use e Madhya Pradesh. Sanchi Stupa wakha emva BC kwinkulungwane III, ezinye stupas zakhiwa umfanekiso wakhe. A stupa i oqingqiweyo lwezakhiwo ekuqaleni dha zonke iinkcukacha angumfanekiso yayo. Isiseko umhlaba kunye nabantu kunye ikhweyitha - oothixo.

Phakathi ezinomtsalane ke iitempile mqolomba yamandulo Maharashtra. Bemba eminyaka ngu ziimonki zamaBhuda, ukuqala BC kwinkulungwane II. In Ellora imalunga 30 emiqolombeni, ilitye.

Hampi itempile kwisayithi ye kwisixeko samandulo Vijayanagara, eyafakwa "yiRamayana" - i-Indian amaqhawe yamandulo. Le ndawo udla ngokubizwa ukuba bemke kweso sixeko. Temple kwaye okwangoku isebenza. Sikhoyo phakathi kweenduli eziphakamileyo, eliquka nezinkulu kakhulu. Ngokutsho legend amatye apha eboniswe uthixo Hanuman nyani.

idolophu Old Gokarna na isitrato sasinye kuphela apho phantse zonke izindlu ngamaplanga. AmaHindu akholelwa ukuba kulo mzi le Shiva uthixo avuke izibilini zomhlaba emva kokuba agxothwe, ngoko wawungcwalisa.

Uluntu inkulu dha na ekuthiwa-Little Tibet. Kukho iintlafuno ezintathu zamaBhuda nezigodlo ezimbini. Nawuphi na umhambi ifumaneka, ngoko ungabona inkonzo emehlweni abo. The Little Tibet i yezandla Tibetan kwimarike kunye nesenti, apho ukujoyina imveliso iikhaphethi.

Iitempile namangcwaba

Enye ezinika ezininzi ezinomdla ze-Indiya le kwamangcwaba neetempile. Engcwabeni Humayun alihonjiswanga ngamatye anqabileyo, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya yamangcwaba ogama ngasentla, kodwa yinto prototype. Sikhoyo e Delhi kwaye umzekelo Mogul bokwakha.

I Engcwele Itemad-siphelo-Daula kunye nobuhle umxhelo. It is a isakhiwo quadrangular, apho ibekwe phezu kwamanqwanqwa encinane. iimitha kwikona bahombise nganye minaret 13 ukuphakama. Ezindongeni emarmore emhlophe ngoncedo amatye semi-anqabileyo zibekwe imifanekiso ezahlukeneyo.

Temple Harmandir Sahib aziyi ngoyaba. Ku yakhiwa emva kwinkulungwane XVI kwaye ngoku yindawo yonqulo amaMuslim. A indlela imxinwa ikhokelela ngqo embindini ichibi lokwenziwa uphi na kaThixo Golden. It ezingqonge elwandle Izakhiwo elinesibini, ukwakha kunye nebandla ezimbaxa kunokuba omkhulu bokwakha.

Virupaksha itempile eMzantsi India imihla ukususela malunga VII leminyaka. Akanguye isakhiwo mnye, kunye tempile enkulu. Le nqaba kuni na ke itempile ephambili kumanqanaba 9 avuke ukuya kwiimitha 50. nawe ekufutshane baya kufumana ingcwele neyasemabaleni Troff. Kule ndawo kutsala rhoqo nabasemzini kunye nabahambi ukwazi. Ingakumbi umdla apha ngexesha lemisitho ezahlukeneyo, ezifana umthendeleko yomtshato Virupaksha kunye Pampa.

ematyotyombeni asezidolophini

Emva kokutyelela Taj Mahal akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukubanga ukuba wayesele eIndiya, sele yonke icala nje omnye kubomi beli lizwe. Elinye icala lufihlwe ematyotyombeni imizi emikhulu India. Ezi ndawo ziyilelwe ukuba ubomi amahlwempu yaye bahlala apha kubantu million eziliqela.

Dharavi ezimdaka e Mumbai, elalifudula ingqalelo enkulu ehlabathini. Kukho izibhedlele, izikolo kunye indawo zokuhlala ukuya ku-10 square metres. m., kuba likhaya ngamaxesha ukuya kubantu-20. Abahlali bantu bahluphekayo bahlala ezintenteni. AmaNdiya azikho ucoceko kakhulu - inkunkuma elahlwe esitalatweni, ecaleni indawo yokuhlala. Noko ke, zama ukuthatha unonophelo wena ngokuhlamba rhoqo nokucoca nkqu kumakhaya.

imbono jikelele le ematyotyombeni nangoku imele metal izindlu ezininzi mibini, ngamaplanga, ngelaphu ngelaphu ilenga ukuzama ukwenza okwimo yokuhlala, kunye nobutyobo. Yonke imisebenzi, ukusuka ukupheka ukuya ekuhlanjweni lwenziwa kwindawo ezimdaka esitratweni. Izindlu zenzelwe ukuba balale. Inkunkuma obegalelwe emhadini exhotyiswe ngokukodwa ngamanzi.

Abathandi yokuphumla ngokungaqhelekanga iindawo ezinjalo kakhulu ubangel 'umdla. Noko ke, kutshanje, kwimimandla ematyotyombeni ngenkuthalo phantsi kolwakhiwo, yaye kungekudala shwaka kulo evelele India.

Holidays nemikhosi

Ngokuphathelele lizwe ngamazwe, apho abaninzi babhiyozela iiholide zonqulo, ngaphandle kwabo kukho iiholide ngokubaluleka zesizwe: Republic Day, uSuku Inkululeko kunye wokuzalwa Gandhi yakhe. Ngomhla Day of the Republic of India (bona ngezantsi ifoto) ikuqwalasele ukwamkelwa-26 Januwari 1950 loMgaqo-siseko, nto leyo ibonisa inkululeko lokugqibela evela eBritani.

ngonyaka ngamnye kwi-Indiya babhiyozele holide, ozinikezeleyo River iGanges - Ganga Mahotsava. NgoNovemba, isixeko Varanasi kuba noopopayi, ngasechwebeni abantu lomlambo engcwele ndawonye ukuze bahlambe kulo. acule amaculo abantu Local bengqungqa. Isiganeko engundoqo ukuphehlelelwa umlambo zibani ezimnandi. Ngaphambi koko, kufuneka wenze umnqweno, kwaye ukuba isibane alitshise ixesha elide, ngoko qiniseka ukuba enze oothixo ezifihliweyo.

IDiwali - yenye iholide weRiphabliki Indiya. Isixeko ngeli xesha ezaliswe ubukhaphukhaphu, ngokwesithethe, kuzoyisa amathamsanqa ububi kunye nokubi. Yonke indawo, esibanekile isibane, nezidanga, amakhandlela, iingoma kunye kwimibhiyozo ehamba ingxolo.

Le Festival Spring - Holi - wayibhiyozela ekuqaleni kuka March kwaye sihlala iintsuku ezintlanu. Ngeli xesha, nokuqhumisela obala Kholiki, yaye ngosuku lwesibini kugalela kwezinye umgubo ngalinye abebala kunye nobulawu, ugalele amanzi ezidayiweyo, befuna ulonwabo.

anika umdla

• Nayiphi manipulation neentengo kwamanye amazwe lwemali lwendawo akuvumelekanga ngumthetho.
• Ngawo onke inani elikhulu labantu, India ubekwa kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini kwinani kwezisu.
• Eli lizwe ngukhokho wechess, algebra kunye nejiyometri. Igama "chess" ngaphambili elizongomayo "chaturanga" kwaye iguqulelwe njengoko amajoni-isikhundla ezine.
• Inani leeofisi kwisithuba ngaphezulu apha kwe naphi na ehlabathini. Oku akumangalisi, kuba abahlala ematyotyombeni musa nokuba iidilesi.
• Wabonakala malunga 3 namawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, Ayur Veda uthathwa wokuqala kwimbali yesikolo yezonyango uluntu.
• Lokuhambisa iye ivele India kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-6000 eyadlulayo.
• In India, "bahlangane iingubo," bathatha kakhulu. Njengoko ithi kwi ezinawo lwentlalo ukuya apho umntu akhoyo. style Ilaphu ezibalulekileyo kunye nombala. abafazi iinwele nayo ibalulekile.
• Eli lizwe malunga 1500 iziyelelane beelwimi ezahlukeneyo.
• Kude kube malunga 1960 e-India bavunyelwa ukuba usebenzise intsangu.
• Xa amalaphu Indian ayisindi woyisa baseRoma. Bade kuthelekiswa kunye nomoya. Yaba amalaphu yokuqala umqhaphu ehlabathini.
• Freddie Mercury sasivela Indiya.
• Ngaphambi kokuba uthumele lwaseBritani kwaye babe koloni yayo, India uye lelinye lamazwe bazizinhanha emhlabeni. nto oomatiloshe ndiphupha ngokufumana iindlela zakhe elwandle.
• Ukuba Indian isaqhwithi ngaphandle intloko yakhe, ngokungathi bakungcikivayo, ungakhathazeki, kuba kwakusisenzo kwemvume.
• iivenkile ezininzi Indian okanye cafes kuba menu, iindwendwe basoloko bathenga kubo izitya elide eziqhelekileyo.
• Ukuba akukho iindawo kwi uloliwe, abantu bagwencela ezishelfini zenzelwe impahla.
• ithi ke abaninzi bazamela emgangathweni, kungekhona ngenxa yentlupheko, izithethe kuphela.
• Kumbh Mela - yinto holide unqulo lubhiyozelwa in India kanye kuphela eyi-12.
• Akukuthi igama umyeni wakhe uluntu abaqondanga kakhulu ezifanelekileyo, ngoko sebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo engangqalanga "bona", "bona", njalo njalo. D.

isiphelo

India - republic federal yahlulwe States kunye imimandla. Oku kakhulu umdla kunye ilizwe bengasiqondi. Abakhenkethi kwiindawo iintlafuno bazizityebi kunye namangcwaba, yaye ematyotyombeni, abona bantu bahluphekayo bahlala kumakhaya zokwexeshana ezenziwe ngamaplanga. Imbali yesityebi ayaboniswa iitempile kakuhle-walondoloza lunikezelwe kwiicawa ezahlukeneyo. Amawaka nabasemzini eze apha ukuze ubone eziphakamileyo zonqulo zamandulo, abahambi ngethemba ukuchukumisa ngaphambili. Rhoqo ngonyaka kukho kwakhona iqela leholide kwaye ngamaqhakra-ecacileyo kunye nemibhiyozo, izele izibane, bengqungqa kunye folk, Kakade, ixhaswa iintsomi iintsomi.