Emanzini - a ... Iimpawu emanzini. emanzini isixokelelwano sokuphefumla

Phantse sonke sicinge ukuba sinako ukunika nayiphi na inkcazelo yengqiqo kwenkqubo ebanzi esikolweni kungekho naziphi na iingxaki. Ngokomzekelo, izinto eziphila - nese-, amahobe, iingwenya kunye nezityalo ezifana. Ewe, yinyaniso. Ukuze igama abanye abameli siyakwazi thina, kodwa kuthekani inkcazo iimpawu okanye yokuphila? Ngandlel nabo wabalaselisa kwiklasi ekhethekileyo? Yintoni na isizathu? Yaye yintoni na ipateni? Kodwa oku, uya uyavuma, kube nzima ngakumbi.

Oko baya kusimangalise?

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba isixokelelwano sokuphefumla yahlukile emanzini ezifana isixhobo lwangaphakathi, umzekelo, ezincancisayo okanye ezirhubuluzayo. Kodwa yintoni? Ngaba kukho ukufana phakathi kwethu nazo? Kubo bonke le mibuzo sizama ukuphendula kweli nqaku. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo yokuba inkqubo ukufunda izinto umfundi nje kuphela ufunde oko kuyafana ngamnye nezinye izirhubuluzi (Ufudo kunye iingwenya kuye, endleleni, awusebenzi), kodwa kwakhona ukuba aqhelane iinkcukacha umdla ezinxulumene data izilwanyana. Thina .Asikwazi ukuba malunga yento ethile bacinge nokucinga. Kutheni? Eyona nto kukuba candelo kwincwadi yesikolo ayisoloko ukunika lonke uluhlu eziyimfuneko nolwazi.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga neklasi

Class namasele (eziphila okanye) yi abangekaphuhli ezinomqolo izinyanya leyo ngaphezu kwe-360 Ma okutshintshileyo kokusingqongileyo ephuma emanzini kumhlaba. igama bubonakala "uphila ubomi obumbaxa" ngolwimi yamandulo yesiGrike.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba emanzini - a izidalwa zinegazi elibandayo ne ubushushu bomzimba ezingazinzanga, leyo kuxhomekeke kwiimeko yangaphandle zokusingqongileyo.

Kwezi nyanga zishushu enyakeni, bakholisa ukuba esebenzayo, kodwa kuqala ubusika nobusika. Kukho izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini (amasele, leenewt, salamanders) emanzini, kodwa inxalenye enkulu ikhona, yenziwe kumhlaba. Lo msebenzisi obizwa phantse ubomi ezisisiseko iintlobo eziphilileyo.

eziphilayo emanzini

Ngokubanzi, olu didi izilwanyana ziquka iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-3000 zezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, imelwe ngamaqela amathathu:

• Tailed (Yeso);
• tailless (frog);
• legless (caecilians).

Lwane wabonakala kwimozulu epholileyo kunye emvula. Nangona kunjalo, oku apho zihlala unanamhla.

Ngokusisiseko, bonke ezincinane kwaye babe ubude manzi ngaphezu kwesinye. Le Okungumahluko intulo giant (iimpawu eziphambili eziphila kuwo ngokungathi uyithambise), ohlala e-Japan kunye ukufikelela kubude iimitha ezintandathu.

izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ubomi bakhe bachitha kuphela. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba oku akuzange kwenzeke nje bazivelela. I eziphila yokuqala kanye aba ngendlela efanayo yobomi.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba ingabonakali ngokugqibeleleyo, ukutshintsha umbala walo. Hi ndlela leyi, asinguye wonk 'umntu uyazi ukuba ukhuselo oluvela kumarhamncwa nalo netyhefu secreted ngamadlala ezikhethekileyo yesikhumba. Mhlawumbi, lo msebenzi osemqoka kuphela ilifa izirhubuluzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, kunye arthropods. Ezincancisayo kunye iseti enjalo iimpawu ezizodwa ayifumaneki kwindalo. Enyanisweni, kwesa ezinzima, ezifana eziqhelekileyo kuthi sonke ikati ulungise ezabo iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni, kuxhomekeke utshintsho kokusingqongileyo okanye ukukhulula ityhefu akhusela nenja wahlaselwa.

Ingakumbi lwesikhumba

Zonke izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini babe isikhumba esibhityileyo egudileyo osithelisayo, amadlala ulusu elityebileyo cell yencindi ezifunekayo utshintsho igesi.

Cell yencindi kwakhona athintele ulusu kukoma kwaye kuquka izinto eziyityhefu okanye umqondiso. sangaphandle wakubo zixhotyiswe lalininzi umnatha ngcanjana. Uninzi iintlobo bufeze ungathatha imibala eqaqambileyo, nto leyo ukhonza isixhobo sokhuselo kunye sisilumkiso zamarhamncwa.

Amanye amaqela zamasele tailless kwi umaleko aphezulu sangaphandle zemfundo wokuhlangabeza horny. Oku ingakumbi maxoxo, apho ngaphezu kwesiqingatha wobuso ulusu yi-corneum ezinawo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-buthathaka actinic aluthinteli kwii kwamanzi ngesikhumba. Ngaloo amalungiselelo sakudala izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ukuba ukuphefumla kuphela isikhumba kwamanzi.

Xa oluhlala ezweni ulusu keratinized bangaba kwi neenzipho omzimba. Xa emanzini tailless yonke indawo ongama yile lacunae emithanjeni - kwisisu apho unikezelo lwamanzi ukugeleza. Kwaye kuphela kwiindawo ezimbalwa kwizicwili ulusu liqhagamshelaniswe kwizihlunu emanzini.

Lifestyle emanzini

Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, iifoto apho zifumaneka kuzo zonke iincwadi ngezilwanyana, eve amanqanaba ezininzi zophuhliso: wazalelwa emanzini nokuba ufana iintlanzi ngenxa uguqulo ezifunyenwe internal yemiphunga kunye nesakhono abahlala kulo mhlaba.

Olu nophuhliso akafumaneki kwezinye ezinomqolo, kodwa kuxhaphakile ezingenamqolo bakudala.

Asezikhundleni isikhundla oluphakathi phakathi lomqolo zasemanzini kunye ezisentlabathini. izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini Live (iintlanzi kule ndawo kubonakala ukuba abameli ezikulungele ngakumbi zezilo) kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi apho kukho amanzi, amanzi, ngaphandle kumazwe abandayo. Abaninzi kubo kuchitha ubomi babo emanzini. Ngamanye abadala abahlala kulo mhlaba, kodwa kwiindawo nokufuma eliphezulu kwaye kufuphi namanzi.

Ngexesha imbalela eziphila (intaka wayeza ukuyimonela enjalo), balala, wangcwatyelwa eludakeni, yaye kubanda kwimimandla ziingcathu obala sokuHayibhaneyitha.

Le zokuhlala kakhulu amazwe ezinemvula amahlathi. Unguyena mncinanana kubo bonke eziphila bakhetha iikona ngokoma yendalo (Central Asia, Australia njalo njalo. D.).

Kuyinto abahlala ngamanzi-uyaphantsi, wakhetha ngokuqhelekileyo zasebusuku. Chitha mini yokusithela okanye esozela. iintlobo ezinomsila ukuba ezinambuzelayo emhlabeni efanayo ezirhubuluzayo, tailless - in galo mfutshane.

Emanzini - zizilwanyana idla bayakwazi ukuba ukukhwela emithini. Ngokungafaniyo ezirhubuluzayo, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, amadoda abadala vociferous kakhulu, bona soundless ebutsheni bakhe.

Power kwiimeko ezininzi ixhomekeke yobudala kunye inqanaba lophuhliso. Imibungu feed izityalo kunye nezilwanyana eziphilayo. Njengoko bekhula kukho imfuneko ukutya ubomi. Nguwo lo ezizingelayo yokwenene, lusidla ziimpethu, izinambuzane kunye lomqolo ezincinane. Ngexesha ukuvutha ngokuya kwabo. Abemi ekweleenjiko zidla kunoko izalamane babo kumazwe kunye sezulu sifudumele.

Ekuqaleni ubomi emanzini, iifoto apho azihombise ii-atlasi, ebonisa ngokucacileyo ngendaleko lophuhliso loluntu, ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha ekukhuleni kwabo kuyancipha ukuya lonwabu. Ukukhula amasele ithanda ukuya kwiminyaka-10, nangona ukuqola ekufikelelwe kuso kwangethuba kwiminyaka 4-5. Ngamanye iintlobo, ukukhula zokumisa iminyaka kuphela ku-30.

Ngokubanzi, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eziphila - eli izilwanyana singapheli kakhulu, nako ukumelana indlala ngcono ezirhubuluzayo. Hi xikombiso, le xoxo, etyelwe elifumileyo, abe ngaphandle ukutya iminyaka emibini. izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini isixokelelwano sokuphefumla ngoxa ukuba isebenze ngokupheleleyo.

Kwakhona eziphila baye balahlekelwa ukukwazi ukuntshula amalungu omzimba. Noko ke, ngo kakhulu emanzini iimpawu ezinjalo ngaphantsi iqapheleka okanye angekhoyo.

Ezifana nezirhubuluzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini nazo ngokukhawuleza ndiyipholise imivumbo. zasinda Special ziyahluka iintlobo tailed. Ukuba intulo okanye ntulo ngumkhenkce emanzini, baya kuwa ngenxa yo- uze ube krobo. Kamsinya nje umkhenkce linyibilike, izilwanyana zibuyiselwe kwakhona ebomini. Kufuneka zisuswe ntulo emanzini, yena nangoko wahlehla kwaye akukho zimpawu zokuphila. Yibeke umva - kwaye Yeso ephila kwangoko.

Ukuma komzimba kunye nesakhiwo ithambo efana nentlanzi. Ubuchopho iqulathe zifaka ezimbini, kwiCerebellum kunye ephakathi, kwaye isakhiwo esilula. Umnqonqo ziphuhliswa ngaphezulu kwe entloko. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ngamazinyo kuphela ukufaka ubambe ixhoba, kodwa ezingafanelanga ukuba ukuba idle. Kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yomphefumlo eziphila anoomatshini bokuphefumla kwegazi. Bona, ngathi esirhubuluzayo, igazi ebandayo.

Ngembonakalo, ezirhubuluzayo yokuphila (amahobe, uwabize, awusebenzi kubo, nangona ngamanye amaxesha phila ubomi efanayo) bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu: tailless, qiniseka, kwaye legless. Abameli ziquka amasele tailless, ezo lwavakala kulo lonke ihlabathi apho kukho ukufuma okwaneleyo kunye nokutya. Amasele Ungathanda ukuhlala elunxwemeni kwaye bayive elangeni. Xa ingozi they sukela emanzini kwaye zirhubuluza yl.

Abameli enkulu kangaka Iqela lezilwanyana, njenge Amphibians iklasi, idade kakuhle. Kunye indlela ngengqele eziphila zemozulu nobusika. Zidala kwenzeka kule nyanga zishushu. Uphuhliso amaqanda kunye tadpoles fast. ukutya ephambili zemifuno kunye isilwanyana ukutya.

izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ezinomsila like malovane. Live okanye kufutshane amadama ngamanzi. Ba ebusuku kuzimela emini kwimikhukhu. Ngokungafaniyo malovane kumhlaba ukuba sine- kade, kodwa ke amanzi sigqadaza kakhulu. Badla iintlanzi ezincinci, izilwanyana, izinambuzane kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezincinane. Kule hlobo ziquka salamanders, leenewt, Proteus, intulo omkhulu njalo njalo. D.

Ngu emanzini lamabutho legless ezi caecilians, leyo kufuneka ufana iinyoka namacilikishe legless. Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso kunye nesakhiwo lwangaphakathi afane salamanders kunye Proteus. Caecilians bahlala kumazwe afumileyo (ngaphandle Madagascar kunye Australia). Zihlala komhlaba, emgodini. Kukhokela yokuphila efanayo njengoko yimisundululu ukuba i- ukutya kwabo. Ezinye caecilians inzala viviparous. Okunye amaqanda bandlala emhlabeni kufuphi namanzi okanye emanzini.

iinzuzo emanzini

Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini wokuqala kwaye abangekaphuhli abemi ezisentlabathini, ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo nasekusungulweni ekuyo ezisentlabathini, iyeyiphi eyona incinci yakuqonda.

Umzekelo, indima iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ebomini bomntu Kudala kwaziwa. Kulo mba, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ekude kakhulu ngasemva. Noko ke, bona nabo kubaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu. Njengoko waziwa, kumazwe amaninzi imilenze amasele 'ezi izibiliboco kakhulu wafuna emva. Kuba ezi iinjongo eYurophu nakuMntla Melika malunga amasele amakhulu ezigidi minyaka. Oku kubonisa ukuba eziphila bobabini ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho.

Abadala zitya ukutya kwesilwanyana. , Ukutya izinambuzane emiyezweni, imiyezo kunye namasimi zizuza abantu. Phakathi izinambuzane, molluscs nemibungu kukho kwakhona abathwali iintlobo yingozi izifo.

Kucingwa eziphila ngaphantsi luncedo ukuba zidle eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ezi nketho are Triton. Nangona ngenxa ukutya kwabo iqulathe eziphilayo zasemanzini, nabo awadli ingcongconi kwindawo (in Vol. H. Of seengcongconi) azalela amachibi kunye namanzi ashushu nokuba amileyo.

Iinzuzo emanzini kwiinkalo ezininzi kuxhomekeke kubungakanani, ngamaxesha athile, ukutya kunye nezinye iimpawu. Zonke ezi zinto zichaphazela amandla emanzini. Umzekelo, Marsh amasele, awayengabemi amanzi, uluncedo ngaphezu izalamane zayo abahlala kwezinye iindawo.

Ngokungafaniyo iintaka, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ukutshabalalisa inani elikhulu izinambuzane sinakho yomali nokhuseleko iimpawu musani ukudla iintaka. Kwakhona oluhlala ezweni eziphila ondle kakhulu ebusuku, xa iintaka ezininzi insectivorous balale.

Ukubaluleka ngokupheleleyo emanzini ebomini bomntu ingahlolwa kuphela ukufunda ezaneleyo yezi zilwanyana. Okwangoku, i-biology eziphila lulwazi phezulu kakhulu.

Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwikhonkco lokutya

Ezinye izilwanyana ezinoboya-langa, abaninzi emanzini ke ukutya ephambili. Umzekelo, ukusinda yenja raccoon kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwinani eziphila kwezi nkalo.

Mink, otter, nembila kunye polecat ngokuzithandela udle emanzini. Ngoko ke, inani yezi zilwanyana ezibalulekileyo izizathu wokuzingela. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ziqukiwe ekutyeni kunye nezinye ezidla. Ingakumbi xa awuna ukutya ngokwaneleyo ezisisiseko - iimpuku ezincinane.

Ukongeza, intlanzi ezixabisekileyo yorhwebo ebusika, amachibi kunye nemilambo kwalusa amasele. Kwiimeko ezininzi, imveliso yazo uba sele omdaka, nto leyo ngokuchaseneyo uhlaza isele ithe wangcwatyelwa yl ebusika. Ehlotyeni zayidla phezu ezingenamqolo ezisentlabathini, ebusika uya ebusika kwi echibini. Ngenxa yoko, ixoxo uba umlamleli kwaye zivuselela isiseko ukutya intlanzi.

Lwane kunye nenzululwazi

Ngenxa isakhiwo kunye survivability yayo zamasele Zazisetyenziswa njengezilwanyana elebhu. It is on isele wabamba elona nani likhulu experimenti ezininzi eziphuma kwizifundo biology esikolweni ukuze izazinzulu uphando lwezonyango enkulu. Kuba ezi njongo nje izinto eziphilayo elabhoratri olusetyenziswa minyaka phezu amashumi amawaka ngamasele. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba oku kungakhokelela ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo yezilwanyana. Hi ndlela leyi, eNgilani zavalwa ubambisa anyuke amasele lawo, yaye ngoku phantsi ukhuselo.

Kunzima lokubhengeza zonke izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu ezinxulumene uhlolisiso nezinto imifuniselo nokomzimba kwi ngamasele. Kutshanje, kuye kwafunyanwa izicelo zabo elebhu kunye neenkqubo zonyango ze efumanise ukukhulelwa kwangethuba. Intshayelelo umchamo abasetyhini abakhulelweyo Kumasele neenkunzi maxoxo inqubo yabo okukhawulezileyo spermatogenesis. Kule nkalo, ingakumbi umi ngaphandle xoxo eluhlaza.

Eyona engaqhelekanga eziphila umhlaba

Phakathi iintlobo kakubi eyaziwayo yezi zilwanyana bafumana iisampulu ezininzi obunqabileyo engaqhelekanga.

Umzekelo, isele ghost (uhlobo Heleophryne) - yinto usapho eyodwa eziphila tailless kunye neentlobo ezintandathu kuphela, enye apho sifumaneka kuphela kumangcwaba enyanisweni. Kuyabonakala ukuba, apha kukho igama kunokuba engaqhelekanga lweentlobo. Zihlala ikakhulu kumntla-mpuma waseMzantsi Afrika, kufuphi imijelo ehlathini. Ngaba kwakhona ku-5 cm kunye nombala sifihle. Ba ebusuku kuzimela phantsi kwamatye ebusuku. Noko ke, iintlobo ezimbini phantse ukubatshabalalisa namhlanje.

Proteus (Proteus anguinus) - tailed udidi lwembono Amphibians, ehlala emachibini komhlaba. Ifikelela ubude-30 cm. Bonke abantu abaziimfama babe nesikhumba ecacileyo. Proteus ukuzingela ngokusebenzisa ubuntununtunu yombane ulusu kunye ingqiqo nevumba. Ngaba ukuphila ngaphandle ukutya iminyaka ukuya ku-10.

Okulandelayo frog ummeli zooglossus Gardner (Sooglossus gardineri) libhekisela omnye lweentlobo ongaqhelekanga emanzini tailless. It uphantsi kwentsongelo ngenxa yentshabalalo. It has a ubude akukho ngaphezu kwe-11 mm.

frog zikaDarwin - yinto zamasele encinane tailless ehlala emachibini ezintabeni ezibandayo. Ubude umzimba malunga ne-3 cm. Le ngamadoda hatching inzala yabo ebhegini emqaleni.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga emanzini

• Nakuba kude zonke bahambi ukufunda siyazi ukuba State of Peru cafes ezininzi, nto leyo esebenza cocktails ezizodwa ngamasele. Kukholelwa ukuba iziselo ezifana kuphelisa izifo ezininzi, imphathe isifuba kunye iphika, ukunceda ukubuyisela amandla. Enye indlela yokulungisa kukuba esivikivayo isele siphila blender kongezwe yembotyi isuphu, nobusi, juice zekhala kunye poppy ingcambu. Ingaba ukulungele ukuba ndizikhuphe ngaphandle kwaye uzame le isidlo?
• izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini Unusual abahlala eMzantsi Merika. frog ngamazwi sikhula zancitshiswa ubukhulu. ubude yesiqhelo omdala ifikelela cm-6 kuphela. Noko ke, tadpoles babo bekhula ukuya ku-25 cm. phawu Strange.
• Ekuhloleni kwi amasele elebhu, abaphandi Australian aye enza ubhaqo ngengozi. Bafumanisa ukuba ezi zilwanyana ayakwazi ekususeni namaqumrhu angaphandle ukusuka eziphilayo nge lwesinye. oosonzululwazi abanezakhono ephakemeyo kakhulu izilwanyana ingenisa zidlulisele ukuba emva kwexesha wafudukela bladders zabo. Ngenxa yoko, kwacaca ukuba nghena eziphila umzimba, izinto zangaphandle ngcembe luyakhula kwaye kwizihlunu ezithambileyo shi isinye. Le lokufumanisa eneneni wenza revolution kwinzululwazi.
• Bambalwa abantu abaqhelekileyo baqonde into yokuba unobangela amasele ukuqhwanyazaemva rhoqo ngexesha izidlo edudulela yokutya emqaleni. Izilwanyana abakwazi ukuhlafuna ukutya nokunyanzelisa ulwimi lwakhe emphinjeni. zithathwa amehlo odanyazayo ukuya ukakayi ngu izihlunu emfundo ziwancedise tyhala ukutya.
• A Umzekelo umdla kakhulu imele isele Afrika Trichobatrachus robustus, leyo anazo isixhobo Akumangalisi ukukhuselwa kwiintshaba. Ngexesha isisongelo imilenze imngene ithambo ongama, ekusekeni uhlobo "inzipho". Xa ingozi phezu, "inzipho" zibhexeshwa umva, kwaye kutsha yokuvelisa amalungu. Vumelanani, kungekhona ummeli izilwanyana mihla liyi kukho iimpawu luncedo kunye ezizodwa hlobo.