Ubunzima izinyo kwe-oksijini. Yintoni na ubunzima izinyo ioksijini?

Atom ebese khompawundi zinemoletyhule ukubonisa ubunzima okungenamsebenzi. Ukufunda ubudlelwane ubuninzi, ngqo ukuya ekudibaneni kwemichiza, esebenzisa ezininzi eziphathekayo. One of them - ubunzima izinyo, yona ibalwe ngenxa athom, ion kunye iimolekyuli. Omnye weyona milenze ibaluleke gqitha Emhlabeni - oksijini, kukuthatha kwakhe kwenzeka, reactions ezininzi kunye neenkqubo. Ukuze wenze izibalo ngokungqinelana iifomyula ze iikhompawundi kusetyenziswa indlela zibalo ubunzima izinyo ioksijini, nto leyo ngamanani elingana ubunzima bayo isihlobo atom okanye molecule.

oksijini

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga oxygen (chemical isuntswana)

• igama Latin - Oxygenium;
• uphawu chemical - O;
• agcinwe kwinxalenye eliphezulu 16 iqela lokuqala (ngaphambili - Iqela VI A) loMthetho lwezakhi;
• Okumgama kwixesha yesibini ngoko nangoko emva nitrogen phambi fluorine;
• Libhekisela chalcogen usapho;
• inombolo element lwezakhi Isigxina zayo eziba athom - 8.

Oxygen yenye amacandelo emoyeni ixesha elide ayikwazanga bodwa ngendlela ecocekileyo. Igesi ebizwa ngokuba 'ubomi-ukupha "," lichiza ebomini. " Babhiyozele kuvulwa mpilo yahlulwe phakathi izazinzulu ehlabathini-yaziwa: K. Scheele, J. Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier .. Igama elithi "Ioksijini" Lavoisier ocetywayo, ngokusekelwe kwindima ebalulekileyo iziyobisi, athom ayo ekubunjweni oxides kunye asidi.

Indlela yokufumana ubunzima izinyo of an element okanye iziyobisi?

Xa usenza izibalo imichiza kuyimfuneko ukwazi ubunzima ababandakanyekayo abasabela ngayo athom kunye molecule izinto. Kodwa mancinane kakhulu, nto leyo nzima ukusetyenziswa leeyunithi ezilolo hlobo, njengoko grams kunye neekhilogram. Isicombululo wafunyanwa: wanikela nezinye eziququzelela izibalo. Ngokomzekelo, xa chemistry amaxabiso ungumzalwana mass atom ezinto. Ubunzima atomic isalamane (Ar) njengoko inani zomthambo kuqaliswa kunyaka 1961. ixabiso layo ilingana 1/12 ubunzima atom carbon (i-Isotope ¹² C).

Ukwenza ubalo usebenzisa ifomula kunye zibalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwalo kunye namanye amaxabiso kufuneka ukhumbule imithetho embalwa:

1. ingaphezulu Mass kwinkqubo ngamaxesha iqulathe ecaleni uphawu chemical. Ubunzima izinyo unalo ixabiso efanayo ngamanani kodwa iiyunithi g / Mol.
2. Weight elinye adla ukwimo limiselwa formula umchiza kuba apho sum of ubunzima izinyo onke amasuntswana kwi molecule.
3. Ukuba ifomula yemichiza sisalathiso ebonisa inani leeyunithi zezakhiwo, kuyimfuneko ukuba phinda ubunzima izinyo yalento ingumlingani.

ubunzima atomic ezinto ioksijini

Ubunzima atomic ioksijini ifunyenwe ngokusekelwe kwinani kunye nokwabiwa ezintathu izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo yaso yendalo: Ar (G) = 15,999 (in a e m ...). Kule izibalo, eli xabiso ngokuqhelekileyo lirhangqwa, ujika 16. Kuba isiqalelo ngasinye sobunzima wayo atomic - rhoqo. Ukususela ubunzima ezaziwayo-athom le element nenombolo atom 8 ingafunyanwa yi ubunzima izinyo oksijini element. M (O) = 16. Enye ubungakanani dimensionless emzimbeni - ubunzima beemolekyuli ioksijini - ibhekisela into elula. Bala ubunzima mpilo, phinda bulikhulu atom kwi 'ngumlingani stoichiometric kwifomula: Mnu (O ₂₎ = Ar ^(G). 2 = ^16. 2 = 32. Ekusebenzeni, akukho mfuneko uku bana phandle ubunzima izinyo oksijini, ngokuba ukubaluleka kwalo ngamanani ulingana ubunzima molecule iziyobisi kodwa kwiyunithi lomlinganiselo g / nolovane. Kuba compound oluthile ubunzima bayo ezinto njalo, ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa ukubala ubungakanani kunye ubunzima kweziyobisi.

imali wenkqu

Xa chemistry, kuba lula izibalo, isebenzisa omnye ubungakanani ibalulekileyo emzimbeni - umthamo kweziyobisi. Libhekisela ukuba ubunzima, kwaye inani leeyunithi zezakhiwo. Iyunithi yomlinganiselo yemali wenkqu kwi-International System (SI) afumana i-1 Mol. Ukwazi ukuba 1 Mol iquka amasuntswana efanayo njengoko iqulethwe 12 g carbon Isotope ¹² C kungabalelwa inani athom, iimolekyuli, ion, electron equlathwe vavanyo inxenye yayo nayiphi na into. Enye njalo yathiywa emva sisazinzulu omkhulu Italian Avogadro (zibonakaliswe N _A), Uthi inani amasuntswana zolwakhiwo eliqulethe ubungakanani kweziyobisi ukuba - 1 Mol. Ixabiso ngamanani Avogadro rhoqo - ^6,02. October ²³ 1 / nolovane. Yeyona inani athom (molekyuli ion) inobunzima izinyo. Isikhundla kobungakanani ebonakalayo - M unit - 1 g / Mol, ukubala ifomula - M = m / n (m - ubunzima (g), n - mali wenkqu (adla)).

Yintoni na ubunzima izinyo oksijini

Ukuziqhelisa, akukho mfuneko yokuba ukusebenzisa ifomula M = m / n ukubala ubunzima izinyo oksijini. Xa iingxaki iingxaki kufuneka ugqibe ngokuzimisela kakhulu, yintoni na ubunzima, okanye ukufumana inani kwezinto. Kwimeko yokuqala isetyenziselwa ukubala ifomula m = ^n. M, elinesibini - n = m / M. Ixabiso ngamanani ngobuninzi izinyo elingana element atom abaninzi, kunye nomongo - molecule. Umzekelo, ubunzima 16 g yi-1 adla ioksijini element. M (O ₂₎ - ubunzima izinyo kwemolekyuli mpilo, ilingana no 32 g / nolovane.

Ubunzima izinyo oksijini elingana

Ebizwa elingana yimilinganiso elinganayo 1 Mol-athom monovalent nawuphi element. Ngokubanzi, ubunzima elingana nga kuqingqwa ngokwahlula ubunzima izinyo-athom isiqalelo imichiza kwi valency yayo, yafunyanwa formula i-compound ethile. Xa uninzi iikhompawundi ioksijini ngathi kwemichiza-element chalcogen yi divalent. mass izinyo ioksijini zifumaneka kwi etafileni ngamaxesha athile, ixabiso layo ajikelezayo - 16. Ubunzima elingana amaxesha ngaphantsi kwe-2 - 8 ifildi esebenzayo ezifana nomthetho, ocacisa ukuba izinto zenziwa basabela kunye wezixa ezilinganayo ukuya namaxabiso azo. Xa nawenza Ungasebenzisa ubunzima izinyo ezilingana ioksijini ukufumanisa ubunzima elingana ukwimo apho ayaziwa.

Umoya - enye miba ibalulekileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, olubalelwa ngenxa 46.6% kunobukhulu. A uxhulumaniso elula enegama elifanayo - sesibini ixhaphakileyo ojikeleze umhlaba. Umxholo oksijini eziphilayo emoyeni - 20,947% ngu umthamo. Ngoncedo athom lungu kunye iimolekyuli zenzeka abasabela emininzi kunye neenkqubo kwimizobo, ishishini, uhlobo eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Kubalulekile ukuthatha ingqalelo ubudlelwane ubuninzi kwezi nkqubo, nto leyo lula kakhulu ukusetyenziswa eziphathekayo, kuquka ubunzima izinyo kwe-oksijini.