A. V. Schusev, ngokomakhi: engobomi, iiprojekthi, imisebenzi, photo isebenza, usapho

Academician of the Academy of Sciences waseUSSR, izihlandlo ezine winner i Stalin Prize Aleksey Viktorovich Schusev - umyili kunye umdali enkulu, i theoretician egqwesileyo kwaye umyili hayi ngaphantsi emangalisayo, izenzo ikratshi lizwe, iya kuba iqhawe eli nqaku. Apha kuxoxwa umsebenzi wakhe kunye nendlela yokuphila ngokubanzi.

Architecture njengenkqubo ubomi

Shchusev, ngokomakhi, nangona ukuya iiseli yokugqibela ephilayo yiSoviet, kodwa ngaxeshanye, njengoko bathi, umakhi kaThixo. Yena rhoqo wabongoza asebenza nabo bonke ubuchule bakhe, imigaqo yokuluka esoloko kwesamela sesakhiwo uyilo indodo, njengoko bahambisana kakhulu ngokusondeleyo ubomi kuzo zonke obubonakala, yaye ubomi ongabunyamezeliyo engafanelekanga. "Ifomu Frozen ayikho, kwaye nakubugcisa oyena nako ukuqinisekisa oku," - wathi Shchusev. Lomhleli kuwo wayehlala ukukhangela, njalo ukuzama ezintsha asemaphakadeni de isiphumo isiphelo akanelisekanga, ukufumana nolwaneliseko kuphela ulwazi. Ukuqalela Vitruvius, ngokomakhi ngamnye ufuna ukwenza imfundiso yakhe ubugcisa, yaye ngenkulungwane yokuqala amabini, benza anemfumba ezininzi - yeyona ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye categorical, nobandakanywe kobubanzi kwizikhundla zabo ezahlukeneyo iinjongo kunye nemigaqo achazele walathisa okanye umda ngokwawo ubuchule bokwakha.

Apha ngenxa yazo zonke ezi ngcamango, wafumana abakhi waziwayo, uMbumbi zokudala kunye nezikolo. Mu kuya kwa nshita wanda oogxa Shchusev (umyili edume kakhulu), umseki nto yayimele akazange afune, akazibekanga phambili, akazange adale izikolo mbono. Oku kwenziwa ngabalandeli bakhe, abaye bafunda intsingiselo yalo kwimbali zombini Russian kunye Soviet izakhiwo, nto leyo ezichongwe izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngayo. Kakade ke, wathetha, bathi, ngokuba ukuqonda kwakhe izakhiwo, incasa kunye netalente nomdla kubantu abaninzi. Ezi ngxelo ume kakhulu kwi belingana uphando olunzulu ukuba ezinye iinkosi zenziwe ofisi cwaka khona iminyaka engamashumi amaninzi. Ngoku, ngandlela zonke wafuna yi oovimba bucala iinkumbulo ke, zamani yolwazi brilliant, leyo lehla kanye ngempazamo Aleksey Schusev, umakhi.

yamangcwaba

imisebenzi yakhe igcwele zombini elula nobulumko, nokwazi ngokupheleleyo ngokupheleleyo kwicala yobugcisa olunyulu nakubugcisa enkulu. Bona - amava obomi, ingqiqo, intuition, kunye notyalo-mali enkulu iimvakalelo yabantu. Le nto wamvumela ukuba uzale abantwana ingcamango zazo eziphambili zoluntu. Ukusebenzisa ezikhoyo, nokuba imilo ebonakala rashozhie, ngokomakhi Schusev A. V. ngokuzithemba ukudala indlela wena ngokupheleleyo. Ngaba indlela yesizwe imbali, classic okanye mihla, yajika izibalo hayi abstract ubhalo, kunye nomanyano obugcisa, soldered kunye nobugcisa ingqiqo izakhiwo kunye imikrolo, nokupeyinta. Yiloo nto kanye enye eziphawuleka yemisebenzi yakhe - i V. I. Lenina Umakhi eMoscow ku Red Square, wadala 1926-1930, ngokulandelelana. Wasondela umthamo pyramidal, amaqela yeentsika buxande, eziqulathe isitya top - konke oku bokwakha asinto intsha.

Kodwa Umakhi ngomlingo bafumana amandla, ukuba nentsusa kwento, iimpawu ezintsha, imizwa ezizodwa zonke zinkulu, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - unxibelelwano elililo ngokuqeshwa kwale ndawo, fusion kwi lomculo kunye nezinye izinto bobugcisa kule ndawo. le Zonke kwaye wenze le ziko luphawu engundoqo ngexesha layo. Bonke wagqiba ekubeni ngokomlinganiselo. Lomhleli Schusev AV zibalwe ukuphakama kunye ububanzi amacwecwe, ngoko ukwanda, ngoko ngokusika ukuba zokuzila ifomu tyaba nkqo, ezele amandla, kunye ukuvalwa elibuhlungu egumbini ezingezantsi compactness - Ukubiyelwa sarcophagus ngesiquphe kusiya izinyuko kunye neqonga indawo, apho ukuvuyela inkululeko , umoya kunye nokukhanya. Kungenxa kule ukufunyanwa bobungangamsha luli funereal le yamangcwaba uguqulwe uvuyo festive kwaye ukuwina imiboniso. Ngeli xesha, kuqhutyelwa yesicelo ukulungiswa ngokutsha, ngoko ke yamangcwaba yavalwa umbukiso lokugqibela. Abantu baye ndidikwe ibhala okuninzi malunga kwi Internet. Eneneni, le kokwakha ukubona yonke wezakhiwo Shchusev, imisebenzi isiqulatho ngokomoya, a oluntsonkothileyo iingcamango zasekuhlaleni.

biography

Oktobha revolution Shchusev wadibana, xa academician, ngokomakhi elaziwayo kunye umkhwa kunyaka-elinesihlanu. Ngowe-1910, iye mbasa ngenxa iziphumo ebukeka kahle xa ezona ndlela yokuqala ngokubuyiselwa itempile kwinkulungwane yeshumi Ovruch (Volyn). Kwaye ke wazalwa ngo-1873, e Chisinau, umntwana wesithathu kusapho oluhlwempuzekileyo igosa umhlala-phantsi. Ukukwazi ukuzoba wabonakala ekuseni kakhulu, kwaye utsale inkwenkwe kulo msebenzi kwaba nzima. Ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye waqalisa ukufunda L. N. Benua, kwindawo yokusebenzela apho bonke bafumana uqeqesho ngokucokisekileyo. Kakhulu Abacebisi ngokomakhi elizayo Shchusev, umsebenzi zigazi bayinqule wekhondo, emangalisayo lucky.

Izimiso ezakudala Russian leMveli weSizwe, umzekelo, wafundisa UNjingalwazi Kotov, ezizezayo kukuba akwamkelekanga ukukopa imane zesikhumbuzo zembali yakhe, kuyimfuneko ukuveza ukuqonda mihla yamandulo Russian, kunye pseudo-Russian isimbo - bebhuqwa. A udumo kakhulu kwi umfana bokwakha yamandulo Central Asia, ingakumbi Samarkand, apho aspiring ngokomakhi Schusev Aleksey Viktorovich elineenkcukacha ngononophelo imilinganiselo ezikhumbuzo bala uBibi Khanum, kunye Gur-Emir. Kuye wadlala indima enkulu kumsebenzi wakhe kamva. Umzekelo, i-Kazansky kwisikhululo sikaloliwe ngokomakhi Shchusev yenzelwe, ngokusekelwe kumava abo Asia.

Imisebenzi yokuqala

Shchusev Academy isidanga ngo-1897, ebamkele projekthi idiploma linqaku eliphezulu etsho ngembasa yegolide enkulu kunye wayehambe ngezoshishino phesheya. Yaba "Manor", nto leyo ukuba ukuchitha phantse kwiminyaka emibini kuphononongo izakhiwo eVienna, Trieste, Venice, kunye neminye imizi eBelgium, Italy, Tunisia, France kunye England. Naphi na apho enze okuninzi imizobo, apho ingxelo mboniso zabuya. I. E. Repin, baziqhelanisa misebenzi, wavuya. Emva kokubuyela ekhaya, yaye emva kokungeniswa kwengxelo Alexey Shchusev, ngokomakhi kodwa ngaphandle ngamava, mna kanye umyalelo umdla. Kwaba iconostasis kwi Kiev-Pechersk Lavra kwingcinga Cathedral apho ke kuyimfuneko ukuba bayile ukusuka ekuqaleni. Onesiphiwo Shchusev abanyamezela lo msebenzi, kwaye kwabonakala ukuba umsebenzi wakhe ngoku enxulumene ngokusisigxina kunye iindawo zokunqula.

NgoJuni 1904 i-Sinodi wamyalela ukuba umsebenzi elijongene nzima, koko wathunyelwa Ovruch, apho yonke ubusika uyile indlu phezu emanxuweni oqingqiweyo kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Umphumo waba ibandla elihle-angqukuva emihlanu ngokupheleleyo kwizithethe Russian lwamandulo, kodwa zonke izinto eziseleyo zibandakanyiwe kwi imeko ukuze ngokulungelelanisiweyo ukuba ibandla kwabonakala lonke. Le projekthi Ngokukhawuleza ithathwa njengenye nesenzeko ezininzi ezintle izakhiwo mihla. Baqala ukuthetha ngento wakha Shchusev uhlobo olutsha iniyo-Russian. Weza udumo, kodwa ngokomakhi Shchusev, ogama biography lizele ukuba udini, de afe lakhe liphathwa ngayo ngokuzolileyo udumo nje awuboni.

"UMarta"

Ngowe-1907, Shchusev yenzelwe Marfo-Mariinsky Convent (yoluntu), zonke izakhiwo zawo. Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya Elizabeth Feodorovna wathengisa nezivatho zabo ukuze ukubonisa iziko uthando, andibanga eMonastri, kodwa noonongendi, Sisters of Mercy kunye zifungo ayalingana sala. Noko ke, emva kweminyaka ukuba bakwazi ukuphuma apho kungekho impixano ndawonye nalo ibandla, ukuba ukuqala nosapho kwaye baphile abantu nesabasilaleleyo.

Yintoni aphefumlelweyo Xa uziyilela ngemfesane engaqhelekanga Moscow wakhe "uMarta", sele ngokomakhi odumileyo Shchusev? Veliky Novgorod iphefumlelwe bakhe, ezikhumbuzo Pskov - ukuba lo isibhakabhaka omkhulu eludongeni ngokuvisisana imiqulu ezinxulumeneyo. Kuyinto obonakala kakhulu xa uthelekisa. Ubukhulu enkulu izakhiwo weemonki khangela ezimnandi kunye mhle. isicwangciso yetempile uyafana utsalo omkhulu endala yabuyela entshonalanga iindevu nendlebe, bonke ezintathu ezinamagqabi zibheke empumalanga. Ngenxa kula apse omise idala imvakalelo ukuthuthuzeleka, ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwabantu bazifihla emehlweni, kunye igubu ephakamileyo, igcwalisiwe yi kummandla etsolo ye kwawo ligqibe nokwakheka.

Chisinau

On Kerch Street (ngaphambili - Char Valley) kwidolophu wendlu yokuqala ezinemigangatho emibini womzobi Shchusev yakhiwa - enika Mihaila Karchevskogo, ofunda bakhe, ngoko - ndlu Dragoeva ekudibaneni kwe Pushkin yaye liye (ngoku Bernardazzi). Kwaye ngo-1912 yayakhiwe ibandla kwidolophana Kuchureshty. Yonke into eyenzelwe wakha wezakhiwo Shchusev, Orthodox esichaphazelekayo ngokuyimfuneko - ukuya ithile enoba kukancinane okanye, nale usebenza kuphela kwiindawo zonqulo. Kamva Shchusev wabelwa ukuba icebo jikelele kuvuselelwa ezidilikileyo Chisinau emva Second World War. Xa ebutsheni bakhe, nje emva uyaziphendulela okhanyayo ngeprojekthi yakhe idiploma, ndachitha iinyanga ezimbalwa apha Shchusev - wezakhiwo, usapho ogama ezithanda ebomini yofakelo ukuya kwesi sixeko. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ulonwabo: yena ezingenzelwanga kuphela ndlu nomntwana ofunda naye, kodwa watshata udade wayo - Mary Vikentievna Karchevsky.

Apho, kwiNtlambo i Char e Chisinau-dolophu, baqala ubomi lobuqu wezakhiwo Shchusev, lowo ababhacayo ngokukhuselekileyo ukusuka prying yonke iminyaka elide yobomi bakhe. Ewe, kwaye ngoku ukufumana iinkcukacha kwincwadi engobomi bakhe ethi, hayi anxulumene lwezakhiwo, phantse akunakwenzeka. Monument uLenin umsebenzi wakhe wachithwa ngo-1991. Kwakhona yenzelwe kunye ibhulorho entsha phezu komlambo Bic, ngoxa yena oogxa ngokomakhi ezineentsiba kakhulu, kwaye nokucebisa inxaxheba kuphuhliso lweeprojekthi ze ukuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo yatshabalala iseti - kwisikhululo sikaloliwe, iivenkile, presences kunye nezinye izakhiwo. Chisinau kudumisa inkumbulo countryman yakhe edumileyo: okuthiwa emva kwakhe, endlwini apho ke wazalwa waza wakhulela museum izinto zobuqu wakhe, amaxwebhu, iifoto.

Fashion ku Shchusev

Ngoko nangoko emva kokudalwa Ovruch kunye ubuqaqawuli woonongendi iiprojekthi Marfino waya emva wezakhiwo phezu izithende. lokuzingela Rich kuye ngethemba ukwakha nantoni na elizweni labo, kodwa isimbo ezithandwayo schusevskogo. Noko ke, kwadlula iiprojekthi umdla ngakumbi. Ngowe-1913, yena wakha imizobo ukulungele Shchusev inkundla Art leMiboniso e Venice, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze Oko sokuyilwa yesizwe ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Kwaye ile entle mhlaba Italian ebukekayo. Ke San Remo yi womzobi bakha Orthodox, ezihonjiswe imikrolo ngamatye, iithayile, nenqaba intsimbi kunye nophahla hipped. Kristu uMsindisi Cathedral e San Remo, ihonjiswe ngokupheleleyo indlela wecawa Russian ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe.

Kodwa station Kazan awayenomdla naye ngoko nangoko. Nangona kunjalo, bonke zingeniswe kwi ukhuphiswano hlukile bezakhiwo malunga akukacaci kwaye eziphefumlelweyo, kunye nezinye abadumileyo nonamava, hayi kuphela nendlela Shchusev, ngokomakhi yoyilo zakhe yokuqala, abanetalente, kodwa kunjalo kude ezimbalwa. Noko ke, kuye ikhethwe mzobo ikamva lejelo Kazan, ngokuba ibhodi unentembelo ukuba baza kuba nako umdla isango elingasempuma eMoscow na kwakude kudala awayezithanda Samarkand Shchusev. IBhodi wayengekho bayaphazama.

Kazan Station Railway

EMoscow Gates ukuya eMpuma - enye yezisombululo wezakhiwo ngobuchule lwezinto umsebenzi onzima. wafunyanwa Nditsho Umbala kangangoko. Kwaye yintoni isisombululo okuqaqambileyo ukuba ukuthembakala lomculo enyanisweni yayo kuphela geographical! Ngo-Oktobha 1911 Shchusev kwavunywa njengoko wezakhiwo oyintloko ongengowale ndalo, nto leyo ubekwa phezu isixa enisinike - nezigidi ezithathu engange zegolide basebukhosini. Iinkcukacha zale projekthi zaye kufundwa ngumbhali iminyaka engaphezu kwama emibini - oku kuye akukenzeki. Ukufunwa Kwakubuhlungu - oku "emhadini 'ukuba akufanele kuyo nayiphi na indawo Kalanchovskoy de Shchusev ayibhuqwanga yi asiyongcamango enkulu: i isakhiwo emide ibekwe kwi esibi kunazo.

Kwaye ke wadlala ubunye lomculo izakhiwo ezininzi, kulula ukufunda nhla. Ende waba lubalaseleyo yokwenene, ukuqokelela zonke izibonelelo ezimakhulu mabini neemitha phantsi kwephiko lakhe. Impumelelo yale projekthi elilinganayo-ezama ukwenza oko. Le magazini "lomhleli", uyibeke phezu amaphepha, mna ke lithathwa. Siyavuyisana wathulula imvula. Yaye eneneni ubude elikhulu enjalo isikhululo zange ukuthintela imbono epheleleyo isakhiwo lonke, ngenxa yokuba ngokukodwa ulingano yaphulwe, yaye isiqithi nenqaba wedwa kunceda ukuvula yonke imixube emitsha ukusuka naphi na kule ndawo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abakhi akazange ukusebenza ngoko ngokukhululekileyo ukwqhatha ukukhanya nethunzi xa ilanga nje kuphela, kodwa ukuba usenze iipateni ilifu ngamatye.

Ukungafani nenkululeko zesimbo

Ukusuka Kazan Station Shchusev wenza engaqhelekanga ngokupheleleyo, kulwenze phandle, ukwakhiwa komzi, kodwa hayi njengesiqhelo - natyetyiswa kancinane zoshishino okanye lula kancinci isakhiwo ebhotwe. Imisebenzi yomhlaba wesitishi ezi owahlukeneyo kakhulu, kwaye zityhalelwa yokuba eyenzelwe esiyibona Shchusev, umakhi. Umsebenzi, iifoto ezo thaca apha eninzi, kunye ebanzi, siqinisekile, free-style ukutolikwa (ubuncinane amakhulu, nkqu iifom ezincinane) zibonisa indlela wezakhiwo Shchusev nje ezininzi, kodwa zonke yobulumko rhoqo kunye nangokunyanisekileyo ngokwabo, iimbono zabo. Esi sakhiwo sibhedlela Matsesta, kunye Moskvoretsky Bridge, kunye neSebe lezoLimo, kwaye Opera Theatre e Tashkent, kwaye isikhululo "Komsomolskaya" - ijikazi of the metro eMoscow. Nje resourcefully kwaye ngexesha elinye ngokungqongqo eziphefumlelweyo entsonkothileyo ezakhiwe izakhiwo Academy of Sciences USSR - a lomculo Russian ekuqhelekileyo ukuba ngokudibanisa izakhiwo zomculo ezahlukeneyo. Shchusev yayikhokelela iqela labazobi abo ihlele eMoscow.

Oko ke, kwaye Shchusev ingakumbi, kufuneka eze abaqhubi babo umbulelo kancane bezisekurhwebeni. Ngenxa yokuba ukuba benza akunjalo, akuyi kuba njalo kunokwenzeka intshukumo. isakhiwo isixeko sele lusekiwe, kunye neendawo zothutho phantse lalingabonelelwanga naphi na, ingakumbi ubungakanani yanamhlanje. Iingcali zokwakha ziye zanda kakhulu yonke imigca, ingakumbi yayichukumisa Leningradsky Prospekt, iindlela ibotshelelwe imigca ring iphiramidi ebonisa ngokubhekiselele kwezothutho ngololiwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ke kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba Revolution kunye War Civil - ngo-1919. Commission uwenza uyilo ababangcikive nabayili iindlela ebanzi ezingafanelekanga kunye nezitalato, kodwa Shchusev yakwazi ukweyisela amalungu karhulumente.

kananjalo

Ngowe-1922, njengoko wezakhiwo oyintloko Shchusev wabelwa Iziko leMiboniso, elivulwe ngo-Agasti 1923. Emva koko ke yakhiwa kummandla Gorky Park. Shchusev sakhiwa ekwakheni isityalo ngoomatshini phantsi inkundla kwamashishini Cottage, wayiqhubela phantse yonke yokwakha, yaye oku anamakhulu amahlanu izakhiwo. Ngowe-1924, sele ngokomakhi aziintloko lizwe benza indalo le projekthi ye-Lenin Umakhi. Kwisiqingatha sesibini eko kwinani lwamaphepha Shchusev yenzelwe kwaye kwakhiwa indlela Unxibelelaniso: kwisebe iTbilisi-Institute of the Central Committee, iBhanki State kwi Neglinnaya kunye Okhotny Ryad, uLenin Library, sibhedlela Matsesta, yaye ngaphezulu.

A Eyonanto ibalulekileyo - hayi Kwaqaliswa isakhiwo Tverskaya Central Telegraph Office, apho ekhawulelana isityholo uthando ngaloo le Unxibelelaniso Shchusev wabonisa ukuba Unxibelelaniso unelungelo lokuphila, ukuba ufake kulo zokomoya kunye namandla alo ethile kunye nesingqisho uncedo kuphela ukomeleza isiseko inkcubeko ngokomoya, nto leyo lihlale zibukeke hlobo. Xa ebe isakhiwo yocingo ngokucace umkhondo nje kuphela uqhagamshelo lwe namathuba, kodwa abanye - isicwangciso nonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe, leyo, umgaqo, lulungiselwe - ukudibanisa amazwe kunye amazwekazi. Zakhiwe ibhanti glass nkqo. Inala egumbini. Monumentality. Beautiful, mesmerizing. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isakhiwo projekthi kanye-software, kwezoqoqosho, esisiso. Kwaba ezintsha kakhulu ixesha. Ngubani kuba lula ukwakha kwaye tye.

Ndiyavuya ubuncinane ukuba kwihotele emangalisayo "eMoscow" yakhiwa mna, iSoviet wommeli-lizwe e eRomania yaye inani elikhulu kwezinye izinto. Ukongeza, Alexey Shchusev ndiziphethe umsebenzi wokufundisa esebenzayo phantse ukuya ekupheleni kobomi - ngo-1949, babhala amaphepha ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini zenzululwazi.