Indlela yokufumana ubunzima izinyo

Le chemistry ABRSM, kwakunye nemiqathango kwaye kukho ezimbini ukubaluleka iingqiqo ezifana ezinto (ivame indawo ingqiqo ubunzima lwalusanda, nto leyo ezichanekileyo) kunye nobunzima izinyo. Zombini ezi amaxabiso zixhomekeke ukwakhiwa into elula okanye ezintsonkothileyo.

Indlela ukufumanisa ubunzima izinyo okanye eziphilayo? Zombini ezi eziphathekayo akunakwenzeka (okanye phantse engenakwenzeka) ukufumana somlinganiselo ngqo, umzekelo, zalishumi umcimbi esikalini. Bona ibalwa ukusuka formula eekhemikhali ezimbaxa kunye izihlwele atomic kuzo zonke izinto. Ezi amaxabiso anda lingana kodwa zahluke obubodwa. Ubunzima molekyuli obubonakaliswa units mass atom, ezo ubuninzi eqhelekileyo, ndimshumayeze isiqu. e m, kanti elinye igama - ". Da" .. Units ezivakaliswa mass izinyo kwi g / Mol.

ubunzima eziphilayo kwezinto ezilula, ezo molekyuli apho iya kuba atom enye, lingana nobunzina atomic, leyo kucacisiwe kule lwezakhi. Umzekelo, ukuba:

• sodium (Na) - 22,99 a. . E m.;
• iron (Fe) - 55,85 a. . E m.;
• sulphur (S) - 32.064 a. . E m.;
• argon (Ar) - 39.948 a. . E m.;
• Potassium (K) - 39.102 a. e. m.

Kwakhona amatye ngemolekyula kwezinto ezilula, ezo molekyuli yayo-athom ezininzi isiqalelo wemichiza zibalwe imveliso weight atomic i element ngokwenani athom kwi molecule. Umzekelo, ukuba:

• Oksijini (O2) - 2 • 16 = 32 a. . E m.;
• nitrogen (N2) - 2 • 14 = 28. . E m.;
• ichlorine (Cl2) - 2 • 35 = 70. . E m.;
• ozone (O3) - • 16 3 = 48 a. e. m.

Ukubala izinto genome mass esimbaxa edibanisa imveliso kwi nombolo ubunzima atom ukuba atom engenayo kwi molecule ye ilungu ngalinye. Umzekelo, ukuba:

• zehydrochloric acid (HCl) - 35 + 2 = 37 a. . E m.;
• Carbon monoxide (CO) - 12 + 16 = 28. . E m.;
• IKharbon dayokhsayidi (CO2) - 12 + 2 = 16 • 44 a. e. m.

Kodwa ukufumana indlela ubunzima izinyo ukwimo?

Oku kulula ukuyenza, ekubeni iyunithi ubunzima ubuninzi into ethile, ochazwa Mol. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ubunzima ubalwe beemolekyuli kwimfuyo nganye iphinda phindiweyo ngo ixabiso rhoqo elingana 1 g / Mol, kuvela ubunzima bayo izinyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ukufumana indlela ubunzima izinyo yekharboni dayokhsayidi (CO2)? Kufuneka ibe (12 + 16 • 2) • 1 g / adla = 44 g / Mol, ngamanye MSO2 = 44 g / Mol. Izinto ezilula, iimolekyuli, equlethe enye kuphela atom element le index, ochazwa g / adla ngamanani kuvela mass into atomic. Umzekelo, i-MS nesulfure = 32.064 g / Mol. Indlela yokufumana ubunzima izinyo kwento elula, ogama molecule yenziwe-athom ezininzi, umntu siqwalasele umzekelo ioksijini: MO2 = 2 • 16 = 32 g / Mol.

Apha, imizekelo anikwe izinto ezithile ezilula okanye ezintsonkothileyo. Kodwa ke noba kwaye nendlela yokufumana ubunzima izinyo imveliso equka amacandelo amaninzi? Njengoko ubunzima izinyo umxube molekyuli multicomponent yinto ubungakanani additive. Yeyona isixa imveliso candelo mass izinyo ngesabelo kwalo mxube: M = ΣMi • Xi, okt, kungaba ibalwe njengoko avareji ezinto eziphilayo kwaye umlinganiselo mass izinyo.

Xa umzekelo emoyeni, equka nama-75,5% nitrogen, 23.15% ioksijini, 1.29% argon, 0,046% carbon dioxide (nezingcoliso aseleyo ziqulethwe ngokwezixa ezincinane, nazo zingananzwa): Mvozduha = 28 • 0.755 + 32 • 0,2315 + 40 • 0,129 + 44 • 0,00046 = 29,08424 g / Mol ≈ 29 g / Mol.

Indlela yokufumana ubunzima izinyo ukwimo, ukuba ukuchaneka yokufumanisa ubunzima zenani elithile kwi lwezakhi, yahlukile? Kuba kwezinye izinto iqulathe ukuya yeshumi, ukuba ezinye kwiindawo ezimbini wokugqibela, kuba sesithathu senkulungwane, nangenxa ezifana radon - to kangangoko, kuba ukuya ezilishumi-kumawaka manganese.

Xa kubalwa ubunzima molekyuli akukho sengqiqweni ukuqhuba izibalo ngokuchanileyo ngaphezu phambi lweShumi, ekubeni isicelo eluncedo, xa nobunyulu zemichiza ngokwabo okanye nezinto iza kwazisa impazamo enkulu. Zonke ezi zibalo ayalingana. Kodwa apho ekhemisi kufuna ngqo enkulu, kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezithile iya kulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo: Beka titre kwesisombululo, iisampulu standard yamaqondo nezinto ezinjalo.