Carbon dioxide

Carbon monoxide, zinemoletyhule leyo iquka atom elinye kunye athom ezimbini C, Owu (ngamanye ngesidanga igcwala le carbon leyo ilingana 4) ibizwa carbon dioxide (amanye amagama: carbon dioxide, i-acetic ye asidi, icarbon dioxide). Le nto idla ebhaliweyo CO2 ifomula eziphilayo. mass izinyo ngayo 44,01 g / Mol. Ukubonakala phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo kwekharbon diokside yigesi enemibala. Maxa kungomlinganiselo omncinci akukho ivumba, uba ezibukhali, ivumba emuncu ephakamileyo lamanani.

ezintathu ithi kunokwenzeka aggregate obubonakala ziinqobo ezahlukeneyo lexinene umchiza:

• eziqinileyo (ice owomileyo); 1 ATM. kunye lobushushu -78,5 ° C - 1562 kg / m³;
• ulwelo (carbon dioxide); noxinzelelo-56 ATM. kunye lobushushu +20 ° C - 770 kg / m³;
• sukube; 1 ATM. kunye lobushushu 0 ° C - 1.977 kg / m³.

lobushushu dioxide yokunyibilika carbon yaba -78 ° C, lobushushu kipeniya- ka -57 ° C. Iyeza unyityilikiswa emanzini: kwi-25 ° C kwakunye noxinzelelo ka-100 kPa ukunyibilika ilingana 1.45 g / l.

Carbon dioxide yikhemikhali compound yendalo ngaphakathi molecule athom ioksijini athom carbon edityaniswe ngokuzikhanyeza covalent. Le molecule ye carbon dioxide lwento kunye centrosymmetric. Zombini i uqhagamshelwano phakathi carbon kunye athom ezimbini oksijini alingana (enyanisweni, ngaba binary). Le molecule isalamane macala kwiziko layo, ngoko ke akukho dipole mzuzu yombane.

Carbon dioxide yenye Imichiza yokuqala sukube, nto leyo abasekho kuchongwa kunye emoyeni. Ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, lo usomachiza Flemish Jan Baptist van Helmont waphawula ukuba xa wayitshisa wamalahle ngesitya evaliweyo, ubunzima uthuthu eliphuma ngaphantsi kakhulu nje eqhelekileyo wamalahle. Iimpawu carbon dioxide ziye zahlolwa ngokukhona kucokisekileyo ngo-1750 yi igqirha Scottish Joseph Black.

Icarbon dioxide ngamandla standard kunye nobushushu na koMhlaba xa isixa malunga 0.04% xa umthamo. Phantsi umjikelo carbon eyaziwa ngokuba yiphotosynthesis, icarbon dioxide ifunxwe zizityalo, ulele, icyanobacteria. Ngenxa yoko, amanzi ibunjiwe carbohydrate, kodwa le nkqubo lwenzeka kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo ukukhanya. Icarbon dioxide kwakhona kuveliswa ngexesha ukutshiswa amalahle okanye hydrocarbon, kwi engamanzi yokubola nomoya ngexesha abantu nomphunga kunye nezilwanyana. Ukongeza, betekisi evela mlilo, nemithombo eshushu, imigqomo yamanzi.

Le Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ngayo carbon dioxide idlala indima ebalulekileyo (ethintela kwaye likhupha imitha kuluhlu thermal infrared). Kwakhona, le imichiza compound yenye yemithombo eziphambili ngokuthotywa pH yolwandle: ukunyibilikisa emanzini, it yakha asidi obuthathaka: CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3, akakwazi ngokupheleleyo kwahlula zibe ion.

Icarbon dioxide akayixhasi ukutsha kunye nokuphefumla. itotshi ovuthayo emoyeni wayo kucinywa. Izilwanyana kunye nabantu kwi-CO2 eliphezulu yoxinaniso ayizange ibe. Kwi-3% yoxinaniso ukuphefumla umoya uba rhoqo ngaphezulu kwi-10% ukulahleka lokuqonda kwenzeka, kunye nokufa ngokukhawuleza, yaye-20% yesiqulatho ibangela ekukhubazekeni nje ngephanyazo.

Carbon dioxide ke acetic ye asidi, ngoko luphawulwa iimpawu oxide asidi. Elabhoratri kulungiselwe ngokuhlanganisa ngetshokhwe kunye zehydrochloric acid izixhobo Kipp: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O. Kushishino, oko lukhutshwe yokubola wobushushu of lekalika okanye itshokhwe (Magnesite ngaphantsi okanye dolomite): CaCO3 → cao + CO2. Ukulungiselela inkqubo carbon dioxide eceleni of eliphantsi iqondo lobushushu ukwahlulwa umoya nitrogen neoksijini. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, siye ve umbane ezikhethekileyo ukuvelisa icarbon dioxide emoyeni. umbane ezinjalo zisetyenziselwa unikezele CO2 kwaMba ukwenzela ukudala indawo evumayo izityalo.

Icarbon dioxide sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiiplanti zeekhemikali. Oku kusetyenziswa ukuvelisa soda, kuba kuyondelelaniswe organic asidi, kuba nokuveliswa iziselo ezibandayo. ice Dry lisetyenziswa refrigerant, umzekelo, ekwenzeni iwayini. Icarbon dioxide emoyeni idaliwe ukuthintela ukubola ukutya, yakuba yidiliya efanayo emva zokuqokelela phambi ukuvelisa iwayini.

Ukuveliswa carbon dioxide okanye yepetroliyamu icarbon dioxide lwenziwa ngenxa kuzaliso zokucima umlilo carbon dioxide, ezisetyenziswa ukucima umlilo. Noko ke, abanako ukuba ucime wabantu kuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo jet-CO2 yolwelo umphunga, kwaye lobushushu kakhulu kunciphisa (esinokubangela frostbite) kunye CO2 iguqulelwa kwi ice eyomileyo. Carbonation ngokuqhelekileyo ucime ulwelo olunokutsha kunye nokufakelwa. Le ndlela kukuba ukusirhoxisa ukufikelela esesibhakabhakeni oxygen ukwamkelwa umlilo eziko.