Yintoni isiphumo Hall

Ukuba ucela umntu uqhelene yemvelo kwinqanaba nolwazi olusisiseko yintoni isiphumo iHolo kwaye isicelo apho, awukwazi ukufumana impendulo. Akumangalisi ke, izinto zehlabathi lanamhlanje oku kwenzeka kaninzi. Enyanisweni, isiphumo iHolo isetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezininzi zombane. Ngokomzekelo, kanye ikhompyutha ethandwayo floppy diski drives kugqiba indawo yokuqala motor usebenzisa ngabavelisi Hall. abenzi boluvo ezifanelekileyo 'owahamba "yaye seengcinga drives mihla ngenxa CDs (zombini CD, kunye DVD). Ngaphezu koko, izicelo ziquka nje izixhobo umlinganiselo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa umbane amandla ombane ngokusekelwe kwinguqu ubushushu ukuya umsinga amasuntswana ezibizwa imagnethi (MHD).

Edwin Herbert Hall kunyaka 1879, ukuhlola kunye ipleyiti conductive, ngaphandle kwesizathu esifumaneka emehlweni yokuqala, isahlakalo enokwenzeka ebonakalayo necacileyo (xi) kwi intsebenziswano yasendle electric current and ngemagnethi. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Masenze eksperimenti encinane ingcamango: thatha ipleyiti yesinyithi, udlule kuyo umbane. Okulandelayo, ayifake yangaphandle mhlaba otsalayo ukwenzela ukuba imigca amandla endle utsaleleka aa Incopho womgca kwipleyiti conductive. Ngenxa yoko, ubuso (ngaphesheya ulwalathiso ngoku), ongase umahluko. Oku ke isiphumo Hall. Isizathu sokuba livela yaziwa Lorentz amandla.

Kukho indlela ukumisela ixabiso ombane isiphumo (maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba isakhono Hall). Ibinzana ngokubanzi kuthatha ifomu:

Uh = Eh * H,

apho H - Ebubanzini plate; Eh - amandla yentsimi lwangaphandle.

Ekubeni amandla kungenxa lokwabiwa abathwali kwentlawulo ngumqhubi, kubhaliwe umda (kule nkqubo abangahlaliyo ngonaphakade). intshukumo zisecaleni intlawulo uza kuyeka ngalo mzuzu xa ixabiso amandla Lorentz (F = q * v * B) ukucinga inkcaso q * Eh (q - charge).

Ekubeni loxinano yangoku J lilingana imveliso kwentlawulo uxinano, isantya yabo amaxabiso ngabanye q, ngamanye

J = n * q * v,

ngokwahlukeneyo,

v = J / (q * n).

Ngoko (ukunxulumanisa ifomula ngamandla):

Eh = B * (J / (q * n)).

Dibanisa zonke ezi ngasentla aqingqa isakhono kwiholo ngokusebenzisa ixabiso yoyalo:

Uh = (J * B * H) / n * q).

ukusebenza Hall icebisa ukuba maxa wambi xa iintsimbi akufuneki wabona electron kunye umngxuma Uhanjiso. Umzekelo, ukuba isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, beryllium, zinc. Ukufunda ukusebenza Hall e semiconductors, kwakungekho mathandabuzo ukuba abathwali isigxina - i "umngxuma". Noko ke, njengoko sele kubonisiwe, nakangangokuba unakho ukuya iintsimbi nazo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba xa ukusasazwa isigxina (ukuyilwa wokwakha) kumda wesangqa eqhelekileyo ukhandwa elektroni (uphawu lokukhabayo). Noko ke, kwenzeka ukuba ngoku endle akudali electron. Ukuziqhelisa, le propati isetyenziselwa ukugqiba lexinene abathwali kwentlawulo mbandela semiconducting.

ukusebenza Akukho ngaphantsi waziwa quantum Hall (1982). Oku umele omnye iimpawu Uhanjiso gas electron-mbini (amasuntswana zikhululekile ukuba kumacala amabini kuphela) phantsi kweemeko obushushu asezantsi ngokugqithisileyo kunye namasimi ngemagnethi lwangaphandle phezulu. ubukho "ukuqhekeka" kwafunyaniswa xa ukufunda isiphumo. Bekukho bacinge ukuba isimangalo akukho lisekwa iziphathi elinye (1 + 1 + 1), kwaye amacandelo (1 + 1 + 0.5). Noko ke, kwenzeka ukuba akukho nemithetho eyaphukileyo. Ngokuhambelana ne uPauli siseko, malunga electron nganye mhlaba otsalayo into udale uhlobo likwahlola ukugeleza umsinga. Ngenxa yokwanda imeko ngamandla endle ivela xa kuthelekiseka "= omnye omtsha omnye electron" iyayeka ukuba aneliseke. yamasuntswana ngamnye ufaka ezininzi ngobhobhozo ngemagnethi. Ezi amasuntswana ezintsha ngco unobangela yoko iqhezu xa isiphumo Hall.