Utshintsho kunye nokupheliswa kwekhontrakthi ngenxa yenguqu enkulu kwiimeko (451 ye-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation)

Utshintsho olukhulu kwiimeko, ukususela kwizinto ezisemgangathweni apho amaqela okuthengiswa aqhubekile ekugqibeleni, isebenza njengesiseko sokutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa ubudlelwane bomthetho. Umthetho unquma ukuba utshintsho kwizinto ziza kuthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo xa kwenzeka ukuba iziganeko zenzeke ukuba ngaba bathathi-nxaxheba babezibonela phambili, isivumelwano asizange sisayinwe ngabo bonke okanye siza kuvela kwamanye amagama. Le miqathango isungulwe kwicandelo 1 le-Art. 451 I-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation. Makhe siqwalasele isiqhelo ngokubanzi.

Ubugcisa. 451 I-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation

Ukupheliswa kweenkontileka kuvunyelwe ukuba amaqela ahluleki ukufikelela kwisigqibo kumbandela wokuzisa isivumelwano ngokuhambelana nemimiselo ekhoyo okanye ukupheliswa kobudlelwane bomthetho. Ekubeni kwimiba esekelwe kumhlathi 4 womgaqo ochaphazelekayo, ukulungiswa kweemeko zenziwa yinkantolo. Ngelo xesha, iimfuno ezithile kufuneka zidibene kunye.

Iimeko

451 tbsp. I-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation ibiza ezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Awuhambelani nentsholongwane yesivumelwano okanye amasiko entlawulo eyenziwa ngumngcipheko wokuguqulwa kwemigqaliselo yokuthengiselana ilawulwa liqela elinomdla.
2. Ngethuba lokuthengiselana, abathathi-nxaxheba baqhubeka nokungenzeki kweemeko ezinokuchaphazela uhlobo lobudlelwane bomthetho.
3. Utshintsho kwiimeko ziya ngenxa yezizathu ukuba iqela elichaphazelekayo alikwazanga ukunqoba emva kokuba libonakala. Ngelo xesha, umthathi-nxaxheba ubonise ukunyamekela nokunyamekela ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yokubuyisela kunye nemeko yentengiso.
4. Ukuphunyezwa kwemimiselo yesivumelwano kwifomu yayo yasekuqaleni kwakuza kubandakanya ukuphulwa komlinganiselo wesimo sepropati kwaye kuya kubangela ukuba umonakalo owenziwe ngumntu onomdla uya kulahlekelwa yinto enokubalwa ngayo ekungeneni ubudlelwane.

Ephakamileyo

Emva kokupheliswa kwesivumelwano ngenxa yokutshintshwa kweemeko kwisicelo salo naliphi na inxaxheba, imiphumo yale nkqubo inqunywe. Kule meko, inkundla ikhokelwa yimfuneko yokwabiwa ngokufanelekileyo kweendleko ezenziwa ngamalungu ngenxa yokusebenza kwesivumelwano. Ulungiso lweemeko luvunyelwe kwiimeko ezizodwa. Ngokukodwa, ukuguqulwa kwesivumelwano kuvunyelwe ukuba ukupheliswa kwayo kuhambelani nomdla woluntu. Kwakhona kuvunyelwe ukuba ukuxothwa kobuhlobo bezomthetho kubandakanya ukulahlekelwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba, okugqithise kakhulu kwiindleko ezenziwa ngamalungu ekuphunyezweni kwezimo ezintsha.

Ubugcisa. 451 I-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation eneempendulo

Ziziphi iimpawu zokuphunyezwa kwemimiselo yesiqhelo? Kunengqiqo ukuhlalutya isithethe ngokuqwalasela imiqathango yoBugcisa. I-450 Code Civil ye-Russian Federation. Inika izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokulungiswa kwemimiselo yesivumelwano okanye ukuphelisa ukusebenza kwayo. Ngokukodwa, u-Art. I-Code ye-Civil Code yaseRashiya ilungisa umgaqo, ngokubhekiselele kwezi ziganeko eziqhutyelwa ngesivumelwano samaqela. Ngelo xesha, ukugcinwa kunikezelwa kwinto eqhelekileyo ukuba enye inkqubo inokumiselwa ngumthetho okanye iqhubekele kwimimiselo yokuthengiselana. Kwingxenye ebini ye-Art 451. I-Code Civil yabasebenzi baseRashiya ibeka ithuba lokuseka izizathu ezongezelelweyo zokuphelisa ubudlelwane bomthetho okanye ukulungiswa kwemimiselo yesivumelwano. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kunikezelwa ukuba isizathu esizimeleyo sokuphunyezwa kwesinye sale miqathango kuvela kweemeko ezenza ukuphunyezwa kwezibophelelo zingenakwenzeka. Esi sizathu sivumela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bazimelele ngokuzimeleyo ubudlelwane bomthetho ngokuvuma kwemvumelwano.

Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo

Isifundo esinomdla sinokufaka isicelo enkundleni ukuba ukuzaliseka kwezibophelelo ezavela ngexesha lokusayina isivumelwano, malunga neziganeko kunye neziganeko ezingaxhomekeke kwimfuno yabathathi-nxaxheba ziba nzima kakhulu. Ngokwesiqhelo, imeko ixininiswe ngokukodwa. Ngokukodwa, xa usayine isivumelwano, ukulindeleka kweemeko ngokupheleleyo kungabandakanyi ukuba amathuba kunye nezidingo zezifundo zentengiso, okanye abathathi-nxaxheba baqulunqa ubudlelwane babo kwezinye iimeko ezahlukileyo kwizinto ezikhoyo ngexesha lempikiswano.

Ukuchaneka kwemigaqo

Uluhlu lweemeko ezisungulwe kwi-Art Art 451. I-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation ithathwa njengeyivaliwe. Ukuba zigcinwa ngexesha elifanayo, iziganeko zibhekwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. Okwangoku, kungekho kuzo zonke iziganeko ukuzaliseka kwemimiselo yesivumelwano, esiye sinoqoqosho esingenakunceda, siya kwenza njengesiseko sokuphela kwayo. Ukhankanywe ngo-451 Ubugcisa. I-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation ibonisa ukuba okuphambili kukukhusela ukuzinza kokuzaliseka kwezibophelelo ezicatshulwayo.

Iinkalo zobungqina

Utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimeko apho ukuthengiselana kwenziwe khona kunokusebenza njengesiseko sokupheliswa kwayo okanye ukulungiswa kwemimiselo yesivumelwano. Ukuze kuphunyezwe iimfuno, kuyimfuneko ukugcina iimeko ezine ngelo xesha. Ukuqwalasela imimiselo yomhlathi 2 no-4 wolawulo kumbango, ubukho babo bubeka phambili ukuphambili kwekhontraki ekuxazululeni imeko enzima. Isivumelwano singagcinwa kuphela kwiimeko ezizodwa. Ngexesha elifanayo, utshintsho olulandelayo kufuneka lwenziwe kwiimeko zalo. Ubungqina bodwa bufanele ukuba bufaneleke naziphi na iinkcukacha ezinikezelwe ngobugcisa. 451. Umthwalo wesibonakaliso uhlala kummangali.

Umlando

Kuyafaneleka ukuba kuqaphele ukuba uhlobo olukhethekileyo lokukhululwa ekuphunyezweni kwemigqaliselo yezivumelwano lwenzeka kwixesha langaphambili. Umzekelo, u-Pobedonostsev ubonise ukuba imbono yecala kunye noxanduva lokungazalisekanga kweemeko kupheliswa ukuba isizathu salokhu kwakuyiimeko zangaphandle ezavela kwintando yesifundo kwaye wenza ukuphunyezwa kwezivumelwano ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokomzimba. Ngelo xesha, umbhali ubeka ingqalelo ukuba ukukhululwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwiimbopheleleko kufuneka kwenziwe kwimiqathango yobulungisa.

Kwakhona kufuneka kuthiwa utshintsho kwiimeko, ezivela ngaphandle kokufunwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba, zisetyenziswe njengesiseko sokupheliswa okanye ukulungiswa kobudlelwane bomthetho kunye nomthetho we-1922. Ngokukodwa, kunikwe ukuba xa kuthengiselana kwamanye amazwe, ukuzaliseka kweembopheleleko kwakungenakwenzeka ngokuphathelele umcimbi Akukho namnye amaqela aphendulayo, ngokungabikho kweminye imithetho, akukho neyodwa yamashishini angafuna ukususela kwenye ineliseko ngesivumelwano. Xa kwenzeka ukuvela kweemeko, abathathi-nxaxheba bangabalwa kuphela ekubuyiselweni kwezinto ezenziwe ngaphambili. Ngomthetho ka-1964, umgaqo ofana nowawunikeziwe awuzange unikezwe. Ukungafani kwakukho umyalelo wokukhululwa kwezibophelelo kwiimeko ezithile, kubandakanywa xa kwenzeka imeko engaxhomekeke kwintando yezifundo.

Iimpawu zokuqwalaselwa kwamatyala

Abathathi-nxaxheba kwintengiselwano banokuphelisa ubudlelwane bomthetho okanye bahlengahlengise imiqathango yabo, bakhokelwa ngubugcisa. 451 I-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation. Amagqabantshintshi amacandelo, kodwa ke, ukuxhaswa okungaqhelekanga kwabachaphazelekayo. Kwezinye iimeko, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokutshabalalisa imeko yezoqoqosho, kubandakanywa ukukhula kwamanani, amanani, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, njl, azibonakali njengezizathu ezifanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho kwesinye sezigqibo ze-FAS, ukusemthethweni kokwenelisa ukwanelisa umzekelo wesicelo sokubakho ukulungiswa kwemvumelwano-mboleko yemali-mboleko kuqinisekiswe ngenxa yeemeko ezenza kube nzima ukuzalisekisa uxanduva. Isenzo satsho ukuba ukwanda kwezinga lokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe akunakuthi lithathwe njengento ekwazi ukwenza imiphumo yomenzi wesicelo, ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa koBugcisa. 451 I-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation. Ngexesha elifanayo, isisombululo saqaphela ukuba isiphelo semvumelwano-mboleko yemali yangaphandle sichaza umngcipheko ofanelekileyo.

Omnye umzekelo

Esinye sezigqibo ze-FAS yeSithili seVolga-Vyatka ukuya kulawulo lukaNizhny Novgorod akazange anelise imfuno yokuphelisa ukuqeshisa, umxholo owawungumgca we-tunnel, apho kwakhiwe khona iziza. Ummangalelwa wabonisa ukuba ngenxa yendlela yokwamkelwa kwezigqibo ngamakomiti ezichasayo, kwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kuphunyezwe imimiselo yesivumelwano. Ngokukodwa, ngokungqinelana nezenzo, izithengiswa zihanjiswe ukusuka kumanxiwa ukuya kwezinye iindawo. Ngokusekelwe kwimiba yecala, izigqibo zeekomishoni zithathwe ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwabantu xa kwenzeka unxunguphako.

Ngethuba lokuqwalaselwa kwimeko, umzekelo we-cassation ubonise ukuba xa usayina isivumelwano sokuqeshisa, ukusetyenziswa kwetawu ekujoliswe kuyo kuye kwavunyelwana ngokuhambelana nemigqaliselo yokuthengiselana, kunye neenjongo zabathengi ngqo kunye nemveliso, ngokuqwalasela iimfuno ezisungulwe kumaphepha olawulo lobugcisa. Kulandela ukuba umfaki-sicelo unolwazi malunga neempawu zesibonelelo, ngokufanelekileyo, wayenethuba lokuthatha ukuqala kweziphumo. Ummangalelwa naye akaphumelelanga ukubonisa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwemimiselo yokuqala yesivumelwano kuya kuphulaphula imithwalo yempahla yabathathi-nxaxheba kwimeko enokuthi ibangele umonakalo ofanayo nokuba ummangali uphula umthetho. Ngako oko, inkundla yokuqhawula ibonelele ukuqinisekiswa kwezigwebo zangaphambili ngokungabikho kwazo zonke iimeko ezimiselwe ngu-Art. 451.

Isiphelo

Zenza phantsi koBugcisa. I-451 ayikho efana neminye imigangatho ye-Code Civil. Nangona kunjalo, iziganeko zisacingwa ngamatyala kulo mzekelo. Inkqubo yokusombulula iimpikiswano ayifani nemimiselo enikezelwe kwezinye iimeko. Njengakwamanye amaxesha, umntu onomdla ubonisa isitatimende sesibango ngokuhambelana neemfuno zomthetho, faka amaphepha (kuquka irisidi ebonisa ukuba umsebenzi welizwe uhlawulwe ngummangali).

Ngokwe-Art. I-451 ye-Code Civil yabasebenzi baseRussia Inkqubela yexesha elide ihlala ingasombululwanga ngokufanelekileyo kumfaki sicelo. Kule nto, kucetyiswa ukuba ufune uncedo lommeli oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuba oku akunakwenzeka, umthetho kunye nomthetho-mthetho kufuneka ufundwe ngokucophelela. Ingqwalasela ingakumbi kufuneka ihlawulwe kwisiseko sobungqina. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izifundo ezingena kwizentsebenziswano zomthetho, ungacingi ukuba ziphi na iziganeko ezinokuchaphazela umlingani wazo. Okwangoku, abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka baqwalasele ukunganyaniseki kweemeko zoqoqosho, izinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle, kunye nokubikezela izinto ezithile. Enye yemisebenzi ephambili kule mpikiswano iya kuba ubungqina bokungabikho kwezibophelelo ezizalisekileyo phantsi kweemeko zangaphambili. Kule meko, umntu akafanele akhohlwe malunga nokugcinwa kweemeko ezisele ezisekwe yinqaku elihlolwe.