Yayiba ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu - umgaqo uPauli

Izinto ezenziweyo nezibaluleke kakhulu ye yemvelo elidlulileyo asebenza entsimini ngesakhiwo lomba kwi kwinqanaba electron-nuclear izimvo, thelekisa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela. Enye yezi mpumelelo kwi isifundo microworld yaziwa kwimbali inzululwazi ebizwa ngokuba "umgaqo uPauli." Ngexesha kwacaca ukuba uhlobo umyinge wemali ngezenzeko ezenzeka ngaphakathi atom, kakhulu ukutshintsha izinto ezininzi malunga zenene sekuba. Kwaye yintoni na - na umyinge? olungezantsi yeyiphi kuba Olu luhlobo yokulinganisa ubungakanani unit emzimbeni ngohlobo "isahlulo" yayo singasongwa. Umzekelo, ngeke ibe ngaphantsi kwe-5.29 · 10-11 m ngemigama engaphantsi eli xabiso akufanelekanga ukuba bathi kwirediyasi komzila electron yokuqala -. Babeya ayisekho.

Quantum na magama eziqhelekileyo emzimbeni, ezo ubunzima, amandla, amandla, yandise ukuqonda uhlobo lwe elektroni kunye nezinye amasuntswana ezakha atom. Kakade ke, kuxhomekeke ukuba sithethe 'iibhloko zokwakha ze Yonke ", ziye wadalwa izixhobo ukuchaza kubo. Ukususela ngoko, imeko electron uphawuleka amanani amane, ekuthiwa umyinge. imidibaniso ezahlukeneyo kwezi amanani kumiselwa kuphela inkangeleko ngokupheleleyo unique nayiphi electron. Lwakuba nje kwaba lula ukuchaza amandla, indawo kunye namazwe angaphakathi electron, kwi-ajenda wavuka umbuzo olandelayo - nendlela electron apho atom ngamnye kuba baninzi, ibekwe ehlabathini ngumongo? ngabo bathi 'wapakisha "Njani? Ufundo lo mba kukhokelele ekuyilweni komthetho, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba uPauli exclusion siseko. Yintoni umongo wayo?

Imfundo-self kangako

1. atom ekwimo yayo elula inamacandelo eziphambili - core kunye electron akalahlwa ngokulandelelana kwi iziko ukujikeleza nucleus kunye. Le radii of zisuke (n zibonakaliswe) ukuthatha amaxabiso integers ukuqala enye umyinge - ubuncinane kunokwenzeka 'iinxalenye "mgama. Kuba xa n = 1, sinazo komzila liphantsi "eliphantsi", apho electron esijikelezayo kunye namandla liphantsi. Inqanaba amandla electron umiselwa inani quantum n, ekwabizwa ngokuba inqununu. Qaphela ukuba oyi lithile n unako ukubala inani elektroni kule okuwo yi kwifomula N = 2 (n • n). Eli umda inani kubalwa lula of elektroni kwi komzila kunye naliphi na inani n: lokuqala - ezimbini, elinesibini - ezisibhozo wesithathu - elinesibhozo, njl Esi sigqibo kokuzaliswa kweqokobhe kwindawo isixa elektroni esingadlulanga N, - yinto ingongoma ebalulekileyo equlethe uPauli exclusion siseko.

2. amandla Electronic kwaye kunokuba sublayers kwinqanaba ngalinye elikhulu. Bona luchazwa ngegama l, ebizwa icala (okanye Orbital) inombolo quantum kwaye anexabiso ukusuka l 0 ukuya 4. Ixabiso l imisela imilo komhlaba efini electron: ungqukuva, dumbbell, njl

3. Intshukumo electron, ngamanye amazwi, ukuhamba yangoku kukhokelela ekudalweni imagnethi setyhula. Kodwa kulo mzekelo, electron Orbital lo mzuzu magnetic, esibonakala ngomnye, owesithathu, lo quantum inombolo ml. Ibizwa Imagnethi inani quantum kwaye uqikelelo isantya Orbital umsebenzi ovela kwi-magnetic kwicala endle. Amaxabiso ezinokuthatha inani ml, balele uluhlu ukusuka -L ukuya l +, kunye njengexabiso elingunothi, bonke bephela kunokuba (2l + 1).

4. Okokugqibela, le uphawu yokugqibela electron quantum - Ihlole. Liquka ezimbini kuphela = phawu ms + 1/2 kunye ms = -1 / 2. Ndandisithi emzimbeni ukujikeleza - umzuzu ngomatshini umfutho electron, leyo akukho xhulumaniso kunye nentshukumo yayo esithubeni.

Unxibelelwano lwe uPauli umgaqo kunye nenkqubo ngamaxesha di Mendeleev

Ngowe-1925 ukufunyanwa yemvelo lepropati angundoqo microworld wenziwa enokuthelekiseka ebaluleke kuphela etafileni Mendeleev. Kufunyenwe igama 'owayemele' yaye yafakelwa eyaziwa ngokuba uPauli exclusion siseko. Chemistry njengoko inzululwazi izinto kunye benxibelelana phakathi yenkqubo athile akwazi ukuchaza ezininzi ezisebenza iinkqubo kwenzeka umbutho athom, iimolekyuli, kunye nemfundo, njl Esona sizathu kukuba izinga neenkcukacha-atom, ngokwemiqathango chemistry, yaqala iingqiqo atom electron engundoqo. La magama atomic-ezinto eziphilayo ziye zavela yaye bazibiza malunga 150 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo - kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Kamva, AM Butlerof iphuhlise thiyori iikhompawundi zeekhemikhali, yaye emva koko kwafunyaniswa umthetho ngamaxesha athile. Oku kwenza ukuba ukwethula ukuzalwa iimolekyuli ezivela athom aze anike nokuqonda "kuqoqosho 'atomic sefowuni.

Ukuqonda kakuhle eli iimpawu quantum yemodeli electron kwenzeka emva kokuba ziqulunqwe uPauli umgaqo. Nalo wafumana ingcaciso ilungiselelo umfanekiso iqokobhe kunye umyalelo yokuzaliswa electron. Kakuhle eli umgaqo kukuba electron linga nenani naliphi indibanisela lokungentla iinkalo ezine quantum atom kodwa ayikwazi wakhiwe elektroni ezimbini, twatse kuzo zonke iimpawu quantum.

Isiphumo engundoqo ngexesha lokufunyanwa lwesakhiwo-atom lwemithetho, leyo iqulathe uPauli exclusion siseko - physics, ie, uhlobo isenzeko, ekukho ekuzaliseni electron iqokobhe. Kwaye oku, ke, wanika imvelaphi ukuxhasa umthetho ngamaxesha athile. Ngoko ke, i "yamachiza" imixholo isakhiwo jikelele athom kunye iimolekyuli nemithetho bafumana isiqinisekiso yayo engundoqo physics ngokwakha "ezakhiwe" yangaphakathi ye atom.