YaMandulo Philosophy: Iimbalasane and Development

Inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo kwimbali imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso zeengcinga bulumko na bulumko mandulo. izinyanya zayo amaGrike amandulo namaRoma. Xa yokugcina yawona le "izixhobo 'ixesha ulwazi baba Eyokuqiqa obhityileyo ngumyinge nawazibonayo. zobulumko zamandulo baba ngabokuqala sizibekele imibuzo ezingunaphakade exhalabisayo emntwini: oko kuphuma kulo lonke ejikelezileyo, ekubeni kwaye non-ntle yehlabathi, umanyano ephikisanayo, inkululeko kunye nemfuneko, ukuzalwa nokufa, ikamva lomntu, umsebenzi yokuziphatha, ubuhle kunye azihluphe, nobulumko, ubuhlobo, uthando, ulonwabo, isidima. Le miba esasebenza namhlanje. Isiseko lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa ingcamango bulumko na intanda bamandulo wakhonza eYurophu.

Amaxesha ifilosofi yamandulo

Cinga, ziziphi iingxaki eziphambili ukusombulula intanda yamandulo, lwalukumanqanaba alo zophuhliso njenge inzululwazi.

Kuphuhliso-bulumko yamaGrike kunye namaRoma kunokuba ngokuqhelekileyo delimit amanyathelo emine ebalulekileyo.

Okokuqala, ixesha presocratian iwela VII - V v. BC. Wawusondeza imisebenzi yezikolo eMileto kunye Eleatic, Heraclitus-Efese, kaPythagoras kunye nabalandeli bakhe, Democritus kunye Levkipa. Baya kusebenza imithetho yendalo, ekwakheni uxolo kunye Cosmos. Ixabiso xesha pre-kaSocrates, kunzima ukuba zazi, ngenxa yokuba lo bulumko yokuqala amandulo kuchatshazelwa kakhulu kuphuhliso inkcubeko, intlalo yoluntu kunye kwinqanaba lezopolitiko of Greece yamandulo.

A phawu uphawu lwesibini, ixesha classical (V -. IV Art BC) yeyona Sophists imbonakalo. Baya waphethulela ingqalelo zabo kwiingxaki indalo yonke le ngxaki yabantu, wazibeka iziseko ekuqiqeni negalelo kuphuhliso yokuba inokusebenza njenge inzululwazi. Ukongeza koku Sophists, lo bulumko wamandulo ekuqaleni kweli xesha limelwe ngamagama Aristotle, uSocrates, uPlato, Protogora. Ngelo xesha nye uqalisa ukwakha nentanda-bulumko waseRoma, nto leyo ichaza iinkalo ezintathu ezingundoqo - Epicureanism, ubuStoyike nokugxekwa.

Kwisithuba II ngu BC ngekhulu IV. e. ifilosofi yaMandulo uya wesithathu, ellinestichesky, sigaba sophuhliso. Ngeli xesha, kukho iinkqubo yokuqala bulumko, nzulu umxholo wayo, kwaye izikolo ezitsha ingcamango - izazi, ezemfundo, kunye nezinye perepatetiki. Abameli kwexesha zamaGrike lenguqu ukuya imiba esesikweni moralizing ngexesha xa nezithethe zawo lehla. Amagama uEpicurus, uTheophrastus kunye Carneades imelwe kweli nqanaba kuphuhliso bulumko.

Ukususela ekuqaleni ixesha lethu (I - VI ngenkulungwane) intanda yamandulo ongena ixesha layo lokugqibela yophuhliso. Ngeli xesha, indima ephambili ehlabathini mandulo bobabo eRoma, phantsi kwempembelelo leyo Greece. Ukwenziwa bulumko yamaRoma kuchatshazelwa lesiGrike, ingakumbi inyathelo layo ellinestichesky. Ifilosofi baseRoma yabunjwa iinkalo ezintathu ezingundoqo - Epicureanism, ubuStoyike nokugxekwa. Eli xesha luphawulwa umsebenzi zobulumko ezifana Aristotle, uSocrates, Protogor uPlato.

ngenkulungwane yesithathu okanye eyesine - ixesha ukuvela kunye nophuhliso imiyalelo amatsha bulumko yamandulo - Neo-iimfundiso zikaPlato, nto leyo ongukhokho uPlato. izimvo neembono zakhe ubukhulu becala nempembelelo-bulumko yobuKristu bokuqala kunye nenkolo kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Ngoko ke kwavela bulumko yamandulo, izigaba zophuhliso leyo eyabangela ezinye iingcamango umdla: ingcamango uxhulumaniso sifikelele bonke nesenzeko kunye nezinto ezikhoyo ehlabathini, yaye ingcamango lophuhliso ongapheliyo.

Kwaba ngelo xesha wabumba iintsingiselo epistemological - izinto eziphathekayo kunye yimibono. Demokrit, ukuba, eneneni, izinto eziphathekayo, wacebisa ukuba atom yeyona isuntswana incinane nayiphi na into. Lo mbono phambili lwekhulu yaso kwiwaka. UPlato, ukubambelela iimbono ndinamaphupha, wadala imfundiso dialectical izinto ngamnye kunye concepts jikelele.

Intanda bamaxesha amandulo wayengomnye ezizimeleyo iindlela lokuqonda koluntu. Ngoncedo yemboniselo kwiinkalo zonke zehlabathi kwasekwa. ifilosofi Ancient kuvumela ukuba ukulandela yonke indlela yophuhliso ingcamango ithiyori, ezele iingcamango engaqhelekanga kwaye ngqindilili. Uninzi yemiba baye bazama ukusombulula iingqondo zamandulo zamaGrike namaRoma bulumko andilahlekwanga ngokwenene lwabo kweli xesha lethu.