Icebreaker-Nuclear-enikwe "Arktika": Inkcazo kunye iifoto. iklasi icebreakers Modern "Arctic"

Mhlawumbi kungabi kwimbali lalisakuba yiSoviet Union, i-episode romantic ngakumbi kwaye sedrama, ngaphezu uphuhliso Far North. Imfuneko oku kuye kwaba-iklasi lokuqala: abekwezo ndawo kukho isixa esikhulu yezimbiwa, apho zifuneka kakubi kushishino karhulumente abaselula. Ukongeza, i-data isifundo kwezo ndawo kuyafuneka kakhulu izazinzulu, ekubeni ukuvumela ukuqwalasela amanqanaba uphuhliso ehlabathini lonke.

Ngokufutshane, kwakudingeka ukuba ngandlel 'ukuya kuyo. Xa iimeko zemozulu kakhulu kwaye cross-lizwe indlela engcono ngaphandle kukusebenzisa iindlela elwandle, ixesha yokukhangela kuphela maqela mfutshane kakhulu. Ingozi ukubanjwa kwi umkhenkce waba mkhulu.

Kwaba lelo xesha ke, yaye kwakukho eSoviet fleet ice-uza edumileyo. Enye eziphawuleka kakhulu abameli balo yaba icebreaker "Arktika", imbali yayo ngumxholo kweli nqaku. Le nqanawa ke ezahlukeneyo ukuze kube lula ukunikela yonke incwadi! Xa ufunda inqaku, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuvumelana nathi kule.

iimpawu zobugcisa Brief

Inqanawa has a macala eliphezulu kakhulu kwaye womelele, ube nje ezine ukulayisha kumaqonga ezimbini. Ukulungiselela ulawulo kunye nesakhiwo umyalelo osetyenzisiweyo ezintlanu-tiered egumbini superstructure. Intshukumo inqanawa enkulu ngezikhonkwane amathathu (kwi ngalinye - iincakuba ezine). Xa ngundoqo icebreaker yi a ophephela umphunga, umphunga iveliswa apho ukusebenzisa reactor yenyukliya. Kuba eyimveliso yokugqibela, yonke impumelelo theory and practical isetyenzisiwe, ukuba ushishino lwenyukliya ikwazile ukwakha Union ngelo xesha.

Uphawu umzimba isakhiwo lonke ezenziwe stainless ingxubevange ngentsimbi. Khawucinge nje: isakhiwo yonke elikhulu ezinjalo izinto zexabiso kunye emangalisayo ixesha elide! Kwezo ndawo, nto practice kakhulu ukhuselo xi ice inikwa, ebizwa ngokuba ibhanti ngumkhenkce, nto leyo ethi noshowo Ukuqinisa inwebu umzimba omkhulu enqanaweni.

Ezinye iinkqubo shipboard

Enye inxalenye ebalulekileyo lwezakhiwo, eyahluke icebreaker "Arctic" ezi crenic nokuhombisa inkqubo. Ukuze bemlandela, nto leyo edla kuyimfuneko ukuze enze abasebenza kwesi sikhephe, yenzelwe iqonga ethwele yonke imi ngasemva benqanawa. Kananjalo helipad. Njengomgaqo, esetyenziswa nemikhankaso ye Mi-8, nto leyo eluncedo zokuyenza loo elide-uluhlu kwesimo kunye nendawo iinqanawa exabileyo ngumkhenkce.

Inkalo ebalulekileyo inqanawa ugqibelele kakhulu ngamaxesha azo esizisebenzelayo, ekuthe a reactor yenyukliya ukusebenza ixesha elide kwindlela elizenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle imfuno iiwotshi rhoqo ixesha elide nelityayo ixesha. Nabenzi boluvo nawo efakwe kwi kwindawo Ngelixesha kwakwuse kumnyama iinjini zombane, izityalo amandla kwi amagumbi, kwakunye switchboards eziphambili. Ulawulo lwezityalo sikagesi lwaqhutywa ukusuka kwiziko umyalelo, nto leyo wenza njengendlu elilingwayo.

Le ingabekwa phezulu lendlu kumgangatho, kuba le meko inika ngokutsha kakhulu ngempumelelo. Ububanzi bendlu pilot - malunga ezintlanu ubude kuyo ndisolulele kuzo zonke iimitha ezingama-30. Ngaphambili kunye icala neendonga wheelhouse phantse egubungele window waphawula ngokubanzi. Isimanga, kodwa uluhlu kwezixhobo ibekwe ngobulungisa yayo uNothozamile.

Ngoko, kwi gumbi kukho panel yolawulo efanayo ngokupheleleyo ezintathu, nto leyo eye isiphatho ukulawula ulwalathiso intshukumo enqanaweni, ngokunjalo izikhombisi ebonisa ubume indawo zonke ophephela kunye amaphini okugwedla. Kukho amaqhosha ukuba ukunika beep isilumkiso, ifowuni ukuba ivule indlela yokuba lokusula matanki zokulinganisa na. Umfanekiso ikwagqibezela itafile kwitshathi, wokujika, hydrologists, itafile kunye edesikeni kunye sonar.

amandla Peak - 55 MW, ukuhamba iitoni 23,000 of. Izinga ezikuyo (phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo) linokufikelela umyalelo 18 amaqhina, ubude yeNavigeyishini elizenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo na iinyanga ezisixhenxe.

History of indalo

Self-enikwe icebreaker "Arktika", nto leyo inqanawa esisisikhokelo 10520 projekthi, yasekwa ngo-1971 phezu noninzi lwezinto kwiBaltic zalapho. ESoviet Navy okokuqala kwimbali abasebenza elizayo abantu abali-150, hayi kuphela inxaxheba ekwakheni umkhombe, kodwa unako ukunika ingcebiso kuyilo yayo. Lo mkhuba ukuba oomatiloshe ukuba bafunde iteknoloji entsha ngokupheleleyo ngexesha irekhodi. Eli qela ukhokelwa Captain Yu. S. Kuchiev.

Yaba umthetheli emangalisayo abanamava mikhombe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ice-amaza iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. Kakade ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1972 ebisenqanaweni emanzini, nto leyo kakhulu irekhodi ixesha kuba ukwakhiwa kwale hlobo.

Le ukuziphendulela ukhetho ngokusebenzisa

Kwi-USSR, urhulumente phantse nangoko, kwagqitywa ukuba icebreaker "Arktika" uya kuba amandla yobugcisa ukuze isetyenziswe njengendawo Cruiser enamandla Coast Guard. Ukuze kwenzeke oku, kufuneka iseke iseti izixhobo zokudubula ezinkulu-ukuvuleka, izixhobo ekuveliseni uphazamiseko esebenzayo, kwakunye nezixhobo radar ezongezelelweyo emkhosini-style. "Inkqubo iphezulu" wahlanganisa vavanyo iimeko kufutshane ekulweni.

Emva koko, zonke izixhobo emkhosini bekumele ukususa nokulondoloza. Kwi umkhombe yaceba ukulishiya ezinye kakhulu ofunekayo yaye bafuna emva ngamaxesha izixhobo zemfazwe, mothball ngendlela ekhethekileyo (kugcinwe ithuba decompression yayo kusasa ukuqhuba indawo badubula).

Ngokusisiseko, ukuba ukhangela icebreaker imodeli qualitative "Arktika", uyakwazi ukubona kucacile yakhiwe kwi wempi yakhe. Kuba USSR, loo kwemikhosi kwaba into entsha, njengoko ilizwe wakhumbula amava 40 njalo.

Indlela eyafunyanwa ngayo eli zinga zolwakhiwo wenqanawa

A ixesha elide kakhulu abayili babecinga indlela yokuphepha yokulibaziseka incinane lokwakha yenqanawa. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho kwikomkhulu yokusebenza eyahlukileyo yamiselwa, apho wayesebenza phantsi Victor Nilovich Shershneva. wagqiba: ukwenza zonke iimvavanyo eziyimfuneko elwandle ngaphandle kokubiza kwi kwizibuko ngexesha elinye.

On ibhodi wangxamela ukuba bathabathe nabo bonke abasebenzi eziyimfuneko zomkhosi, kwakunye umyalelo eqhiwukileyo, ebe owayephethe lwezixhobo ezincinane izixhobo zokudubula. Eli qela ngoko nangoko kubantu-700, ngoxa ngendlela eqhelekileyo ababekhwele enikiweyo izihlalo akukho ngaphezulu kwe-150.

Abayili kunye nabameli umthengi kufuneka asebenze nzima kakhulu sokwamkela bonke abasebenzi ezifunekayo, ngoxa yokundicaphukisa nabani. Mna le ukuhlala eLeningrad ngeentsuku ezine. Ngeli xesha lithe inqanaba lamanzi wayelele kude ngaphantsi kwenqanaba eziqhelekileyo, nangona into yokuba isiphelo ngempumelelo mkhumbi kwemfuneko zawo ngokweesentimitha 30-40!

isitya sigqibo izilingo elwandle

kuye ingxaki ngeziphetshiwe na ngahlolo, ukuba nje kuba zange kufuneka balinde nabani: elisebenza yonke waba rhoqo empini intumekelelo, ahlala kuyo. Wangena ishedyuli Marine, inqanawa wakwazi ngokukhuselekileyo ukuzisa elwandle. Phakathi kuDisemba 1974 eMoscow naseLeningrad wasiwa elifutshane iveze uchazo olulungisiweyo radio "Kugqityiwe." Kamva ke uncokole Kuchiev wadlula uKesare ngokwakhe: ngokunjalo ngokufutshane kokuba ingxelo kokugqitywa ngempumelelo iimvavanyo yolwandle onokuntsonkotha yenqanawa!

Amakhulu zindululo ziye zenziwa ukuze kuphuculwe ukuqhuba kunye mooring njengento icebreaker, yaye uninzi lwabo sele imiliselwe ngokupheleleyo ngenxa nabaqambi "awasukela, athana mbende". Ngo-Apreli 1975, lo walivala ithende yokuqala enkulu elwandle. Oku kwakubonisa ukuba icebreaker "Arktika", iifoto ezo ziyafumaneka kweli nqaku uyahlangabezana nazo zonke ezi mfuno ezazenziwe xa ibakala ukuyila kunye nokuzotywa.

Sele Aprili 25, 1975, kwakubon 'ukuba uthiwe zihleli kwi kwizibuko Tallinn, ukuba wakhuliswa nguRhulumente iflegi ye-USSR. Ekugqibeleni lasayina uxwebhu ukugqithiselwa kweempahla ukuya fleet, elandelwa iklasi "Arctic" icebreaker yokuqala yaya ngqo Murmansk, apho ibekwe kwizibuko lobhaliso. Yaba uloyiso ukuba lonke inzululwazi kunye noshishino zokhuselo neSebe eli lizwe.

Ukongeza amawaka abantu abathatha ngqo ekwakhiweni wesitya, uyilo ukwenza imifuniselo yayo inxaxheba ngaphezulu kwama-350 (!) Uphando lobunzululwazi, ukuzithethelela, zaselwandle kunye amaziko nemin, uyilo Ezigcina, amaziko ophando kwilizwe lonke.

Ekuthumeleni kuLwandle Northern Route

Emva ekuqaleni 1975, phambi kokuba uvume esemthethweni, le icebreaker "Arktika" (bona ifoto. Ngaphezu) krelekrele olwenziwe yi-Sea Northern Route, le icebreaker "Admiral Makarov" (diesel-zombane). Kakade ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo, yena ngokoqobo hlasi ekuthinjweni lomkhenkce hummocks efanayo inqanawa "Ermak" kwaye asindiswe ekufeni ethile kungekwamthwalo namkhombe "Captain Myshevsky".

Yeyona "Arctic" wathabatha inxaxheba ukophula le icebreaker "iLeningrad", kunye ne-nqanawa zothutho "Chelyuskin". Umthetheli Happy wabiza esi siganeko eyona enqanaweni entsha, njengoko kuphela ngenxa yezi meko zine, oko kwakhiwa.

Nje iminyaka emibini nje umsebenzi esebenzayo wabonisa ukuba waya ekhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo hlobo yayo ephambili yezi zithuthi eSoviet - icebreaker zenyukliya "Arktika". umfuziselo wakhe ngaloo mihla yayigqalwa ixhoba kakhulu awayesibawela nayiphi na amakhwenkwe eSoviet. Kwaye isizathu esivakalayo, ndimele ndithi! Kuye ukuboniswa ukuthembeka ebalaseleyo ufakelo yenyukliya kunye namanye, kodwa elihle umgangatho nqanawa ukuhamba kuphela. Noko ke, umthetheli esisuka Kuchiev wayesazi ukuba 'iwadi' yakhe ekwaziyo ngakumbi, kwaye ngoko ke ifuna ukulungiswa elide phulo wasentla. Kungekudala sikubongozayo yakhe yaviwa. Iqela waqala ukulungiselela moya ezihamba imigama.

Ngo-Apreli 1977, i-moya zovavanyo kwi Yamal

Ngowe-1976, inqanawa washiya kwizibuko Murmansk, xa acandacanda umkhenkce wachitha komelezwa inqanawa "Pavel Ponomarev". Izithuthi ethwele kwibhodi phantse amawaka amane iitoni zokutya kunye nendlu ezahlukeneyo iimpahla. Kufutshane iqela Cape Kharasavey ngaphandle nzima kakhulu likwazile ubuya kuyithula apho zonke izinto umkhenkce ngokukhawuleza, emva koko athathwa elunxwemeni. Zombini ubeneenqanawa kwelinye icala, kwi-ice-free izibuko Murmansk.

Amava abonisa ukuba Kuchiev kulungile kwiimvavanyo zabo iimpawu eliphezulu ukusebenza namkhombe wodwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngomhla we-1977 yaye ngoko nangoko isicwangciso an waqhela ngakumbi yaye kude umngeni ngakumbi hike. Ngoku ke kulindeleke ukuba benze iinqwelo eziliqela ukuya Yamal. Eli xesha, iqela wayengekho kuphela icebreaker yokuqala Arctic, kodwa inqanawa kwiklasi enye "Murmansk", kwakunye isitya ukuthutha ezintathu.

"Imimangaliso ku kugobeka"

Ebutsheni bowe-1977, eli qela ngokukhuselekileyo ngomkhombe e Murmansk, kunye neentsuku ke emva ezine wenyuka waya Kharasavey. Emva kweveki, inkundla waya kwelinye icala. I-Sea Barents yenye lezoThutho wathumela indlela yakhe Murmansk, apho ekufikeni ngoko nangoko wema ukuya umthwalo. Kusenjalo, icebreakers inkampani wathabatha enye inqanawa khoboka, uze emva koko kubanjwa ikhondo lakhe langaphambili. Emva kweentsuku nje ezimbini, inkqubo liphindwe kwakhona.

Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kweli phulo ngamxhelo wavuma ukuba icebreaker "Arktika", iimpawu zobugcisa apho lucaciswa kule nqaku, esebenza imimangaliso, prolamyvayas hummocks ubukhulu enkulu.

abalandeli

Kwaye ngoku phambi uluhlu olupheleleyo lwazo zonke iimpahla wakha phantsi 10520 projekthi:

• "Arctic".
• "ESiberia".
• "Russia".
• "ESoviet Union".
• "Yamal".
• "50 Years of woloyiso".

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba icebreaker yokugqibela "Arktika" (inqanawe omtsha "50 Years of woloyiso") wafakwa ukusebenza kuphela ngo-2007, nangona kuqaliswa kwalo senzeka emva ngowe-1993 Isizathu ilula - inkokheli omtsha lizwe kwakukho ukunqongophala rhoqo imali .

Ukususela 2000, uhambo ukuya Arctic kwi icebreaker yaba ukuze wonke ubani onqwenela (ukuba imali). Ngenxa yobungakanani bomthamo esiyimfuneko zokubhalwa lokugqibela ekugqibeleni nako ukuqokelela wodwa engagqitywanga owayefakwa Russian lwaphela.

ngexesha elitsha

Ngo-1999, le "ndoda endala" uye wasebenza iminyaka engama-25, ngobucule indlela esemantla phezu mpahla yaba ngamawaka ezithathu ezinkulu leyo ezimpahla ngaphezu kwesigidi omnye umthwalo ezixabisekileyo. Kodwa indlela yamagqala asigqitywanga, oko elindele irekhodi entsha lonke. Ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya kutsho ngoMeyi, ukususela ngo-1999 ukuya ku-2000, le nqanawa ndayichitha iimpahla Arctic Ocean 110. Kwezi iimayile ezisetyenziswa elwandle amawaka 50 kanye-32 amawaka inqanawa kudlule ngaphandle ukusilela enye. Akukho embi "idayinaso" unyaka-25 ubudala, owathi wachitha ubomi bakhe ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ayikho ngqiqweni!

Kwakulindeleke ukuba icebreaker "Arktika" ngelo xesha? Le myuziyam okanye umtsalane kubakhenkethi abazizityebi, awanyakazela ngayo oomatrose awuvumelani ngamandla! Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba nqanawa yokuqala 10520 projekthi ngo-2008 nangoku imyuziyam, kodwa ubuni balo zembali iye yasinda kuzo ngokupheleleyo. Ezityeni esisayilwayo zisekho kwizikhundla, ungakwazi ukuthatha utyelelo kwi icebreaker kwi Arctic. Okuvelayo abakhenkethi baye apho, oko nje akunakwenzeka ukuba adlulisele ngamagama. injabulo enkulu!

ulwandiso Life

icebreaker Nuclear yaba phantsi uphando ngokwenene. Oomatiloshe izazinzulu wabonisa ukuba isimiso wenqanawa lixesha elide ukusebenza ixesha lakhe esabiwe ngaphaya. Phakathi kowe-2000, ixesha yokusebenza engundoqo isitya zonke iinkqubo kunye neendlela esele malunga 146.000 iiyure kwaba. Xa sijonge yonke le nto, singatsho ukuba izazinzulu neenjineli ziye sagqiba kwelokuba ubomi wenkonzo "Arctic" abaninzi ngokukhuselekileyo kuyolula ukuya ku-175 lamawaka iiyure, kunye nezinye iinqanawa projekthi ukuze isebenze de kube lixesha yokusebenza-150 lamawaka.

I-flagship yale projekthi iza kuvumela ukuchitha amakhulu amawaka experimenti kuwo sele nayenza iseti oluntsonkothileyo yeNavigeyishini kunye nezixhobo radar eSoviet Union kunye Russian Federation, izazinzulu zenyukliya ndalibutha data emangalisayo axabisekileyo izityalo senyukliya kweemeko ezinzima kakhulu. Ixabiso into icebreaker zenyukliya-enikwe "Arktika" (iifoto lucaciswa kule kwinqaku), kunzima ukuba zazi.