IChernobyl Intlekele: iimpawu noonobangela

April 26, 2016 ihlabathi liphela kuvutha amakhandlela kunye lakhumbula ntlekele yoyikekayo KuloMgabuli imbali phambi nasemva kweminyaka engama-30 emva kokuba Chernobyl ntlekele. Epreli 26 - imini xa abantu Earth emhlabeni baye bafunda indlela njani baziphathe atom "zoxolo". Phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu baye bavakalelwa iziphumo kuqhuma iChernobyl amandla enyukliya.

usuku abamnyama

Chernobyl intlekele - kuqhuma nentshabalalo reactor yenyukliya yesine - senzeka kwi iChernobyl mveliso. I-dubulo kwenzeka ngobusuku -26 ku-Epreli 1986 ngonyaka ngo 01:24. Abafileyo busuku mzi bonke abantu babelele, yaye akukho namnye kurhanelwa ukuba lo mhla uza kutshintsha ubomi amakhulu amawaka abantu.

Ukususela ngoko, qho ngonyaka kwintsimi ziiriphabliki eyayisakuba yiSoviet imini kukhunjulwa iChernobyl yintlekele njengoko esibi kunazo zonke yaye ingozi kakhulu kakhulu amandla enyukliya.

Inkcazelo emfutshane ye Chernobyl

IChernobyl ntlekele yenzeke kwi-Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP), ebekwe kwi kummandla Ukrainian SSR (ngoku Ukraine), iikhilomitha nje ezintathu ukusuka kwidolophu Pripyat, yaye ezinye nekhulu ukusuka eKiev - ikomkhulu Ukrainian SSR kunye Ukraine mihla. Ngexesha le ngozi kwi Pripyat labemi abemi phantse 50,000, kwaye abaninzi babo babesebenza kumzi-mveliso enyukliya, apho sidla phantse yonke umzi.

Ngosuku yentlekele esitishini isebenza units ezine, ukusilela enye yazo unobangela wengozi. Enye iiyunithi ezimbini zakhiwa yaye kungekudala ukuba angene ukusebenza.

IChernobyl amandla yezityalo yayinamandla kangangokuba 1/10 ngaphandle zonke iimfuno lombane USSR kaThixo.

Ukungaphumeleli kwamandla yesine

IChernobyl ntlekele kwenzeka ngo-1986. Oku kwenzeka ngoMgqibelo, Aprili 26, kwisiqingatha sesibini ebusuku. Ngenxa yokuba i-dubulo enamandla unit wesine yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye akukho kuphinda inokulungiswa. Xa imizuzwana wokuqala zesikhululo, ngokubulala abasebenzi ababini ngelo xesha kufutshane kwi-reactor. umlilo waqala ngoko nangoko. Iqondo lobushushu reactor iphezulu ukuze bonke ukuba akukho (izinyithi, ikhonkrithi, isanti, fuel), linyibilike.

imini yintlekele Chernobyl laba mnyama, amakhulu amawaka abantu. Ukukhutshwa kwezinto radioactive ezinokosulela kakhulu radioactive kungekuphela USSR kodwa lonke Europe.

Ubalo ingozi

Aprili 25 kwakufuneka ndenziwe ukulungiswa okucwangcisiweyo reactor, kwakunye njengovavanyo wolawulo omtsha reactor. Phambi kokuba umsebenzi wokulungisa liye lathotywa kakhulu yi-protocol of ngamandla reactor ngelo xesha yena wayesebenza% 20-30 kuphela ukusebenza kwayo. Ngokunxulumene nenkqubo wokulungisa njengoko Ukupholisa olungxamisekileyo le reactor leyo icinyiwe. Ngenxa yoko, imveliso amandla lehla laya 500 MW, lo gama sisebenza ngokupheleleyo ngayo ukukhawulezisa ukuya ku 3200 MW. Around ezidlulileyo zobusuku isiqingatha umqhubi ayikwazanga ukugcina amandla reactor kumgangatho karhulumente, kwaye ke uwile ukuba phantse zero.

Abasebenzi wathabatha amanyathelo okwandisa umthamo, kunye neenzame zabo isithsaba ngempumelelo - waqalisa ukukhula. Noko ke, ORM (yokusebenza reactivity imajini) yaqhubeka ukuze bawe. Emva kokuba umthamo 200 MW, kuquka iimpompo ezisibhozo, kubandakanywa olongezelelweyo. Kodwa ke amanzi, pholisa reactor yayincinane, ngenxa oqala ukwandisa ngokuthe iqondo lobushushu ngaphakathi reactor ngokukhawuleza kufikelelwe abilayo.

Umfuniselo esebenzisa ukwandisa amandla reactor yaqala ngo 1:23:04. Qala waba yimpumelelo, kwaye namandla ekuqaleni ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Loo ukwanda eyayicwangciselwe zona, kunye nabasebenzi isikhululo akazange kukunika ingqwalasela ngokwaneleyo. Sele 1:23:38 oko bafaka i-alam, kwaye uvavanyo kwafuneka ukuba inqunyanyiswe ngoko nangoko wonke umsebenzi ndayokufika reactor endaweni yaso. Kodwa nokuhlola usaqhubeka. A imizuzwana embalwa kamva, inkqubo ofumana alarm yokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwi ngamandla reactor, yaye zenzeka 01:24 eChernobyl intlekele - ndamgocagoca dubulo. yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo reactor yesine, yaye ukukhutshwa kwezinto radioactive emoyeni yaqala.

ezibangela kunokwenzeka ingozi

Xa ingxelo 1993 lowu ezi zizathu zilandelayo ngenxa yengozi reactor:

• abasebenzi abaninzi zezityalo bug igunya, ngokunjalo waphula umthetho imithetho nokuhlola.
• Ukuqhuba umsebenzi, nangona yokuba reactor waziphatha eziphosakeleyo, abasebenzi babefuna ukuba agqibe experiment, enoba kunjani na.
• I-reactor ngokwayo awuhambisani na imigangatho yokhuseleko, njengoko waba eziliqela iingxaki ezibalulekileyo noshowo.
• Abasebenzi mfana zange baqonde zonke osemqoka kunye reactor.
• nokusilela konxibelelwano phakathi kubasebenzi reactor.

Enoba lwalunjani, Chornobyl ntlekele yenzeke ngenxa yokunyuka ulwimi amandla we reactor yenyukliya, yima ulwando apho ayisekho kunokwenzeka.

Abanye bakhangela unobangela wengozi ayikho impazamo ukusebenza, kunye nazo endalo. Ngelo xesha, xa yenzekile kuqhuma, oko kwabhalwa mothuko zenyikima, oko kukuthi, ngokutsho kuguqulelo omnye yinyikima encinci wabangela xenga reactor.

Kukho olunye uhlobo lwale ezibangela le ngozi - a yeyantlukwano. Ubunkokheli eSoviet bafuna saboteurs, nje ukunqanda Ukwamkela inyani yokuba reactor yayisakhiwa ukunyhashwa kunye nabasebenzi abasebenza kwakungekho abafundile ukwenza iimvavanyo ezinjalo.

Imiphumo iChernobyl yentlekele

imini yintlekele Chernobyl ibango ubomi obuninzi. Ukususela kuqhuma wafa amalungu amabini kwisitishi, omnye polotka ekuweni eziphathekayo, owesibini wafa kusasa emanxebeni ayo. kakubi kakhulu ngayo abo benza kususwe imikhondo ingozi - 134 abasebenzi station kunye namalungu eekomiti yokuhlangula zakwazi ukuba ray zokukhanya elinamandla. Bonke ziphuhliswe isifo radiation, 28 kubo bafa ngenxa kungcoliseko radiation emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa.

Ngenxa yesandi dubulo ngoko nangoko ngayo abacimi mzi. Umyalelo wathabatha phezu Telyatnikov ezinkulu. izenzo lithemba Telyatnikova kunye neqela lakhe ziye zanceda ukunqanda ukusasazeka lomlilo, kungenjalo imiphumo ibiya kuba ezibangele ngakumbi. Telyatnikov yena wasinda wabulela kuphela utyando ebuchotsheni oluxandileyo, wamenza eNgilani. Eyokuqala amagosa ndawo kufika zokucima uLieutenant Pravik, abafa ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni enzima. Ngelo xesha wambulala ke uLieutenant Kibenok wafika nje emva Pravik.

Xa ngentsimbi yesithandathu kusasa umlilo yakwazi ukucinezela emlilweni. Zonke liquidators busuku wayengazi xa eshiya ukuba reactor wavuthela phezulu, ngoko musa ukubeka nkqu njengendlela ukhuseleko kwimitha.

Abacimi wenza feat ebusuku ukugcina engqondweni ngoku. Kuphela ngenxa ubuqhawe sabo nokuzincama akazange aphuma kwi-reactor wesithathu, apho eqhagamshelwe yesine ibe kufutshane nayo. Ukuba hayi ngokuba nesibindi abacimi, iziphumo dubulo lomnye reactor bekuya kuba nzima ukuba nomfanekiso. Ngoko ke, kukho isiganeko sungula ku iChernobyl intlekele kufuneka yamkele kwisikhumbuzo abacimi awazincamayo ubomi babo ekulweni umlilo e Chernobyl. Bakubeka ihlabathi lishwangusha elikhulu.

Sele iyure enye emva kokuba liquidators yengozi yaqala ukuna ekuguleni imitha, yaye inkoliso yabo abaye baba phambili, babulawa. NgoAprili 26, sentlekele eChernobyl abangu abaninzi.

Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko. zishiye

Ngentsasa ka-Aprili 27 (ukususela ngozi yenzeke iiyure eziyi-36, lo gama abemi kwafuneka ukuba asuswe ngoko nangoko) umyalezo yadluliselwa ngonomathotholo kubahlali Pripyat babekulungele ukushiya umzi. Ngoko babengazi ukuba ngaphezulu kumakhaya abo, abayi kubuyela kulo.

Aprili 28 umyalezo wokuqala wathunyelwa ukuba kukho yintlekele kwi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya, kodwa abaquphayo ukuvuthela phezulu reactor Andixelelwanga. kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, abemi kumgama owela ngaphakathi kwama-km 30 iye abasuswe ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, abahlali bathi baya kuba nako ukuza emva ngeentsuku ezintathu. Sekudlule iminyaka emashumi mathathu, kodwa uhlala ngaphandle Pripyat kunye eChernobyl, solo abakwazi.

amandla eSoviet cwaka kakhulu malunga isibakala le dubulo le reactor, malunga nale kumajelo eendaba, kwaye intetho nto, ngoko lonke ilizwe libhiyozela Meyi 1 - Day Yabasebenzi.

Ukuphelisa ngemiphumo. Akukho mntu owaziyo amaqhawe

Ukuze ukuphelisa iziphumo kwengozi kunye 'phawu "i-reactor wamiswa umsebenzi okhethekileyo, amalungu bagqiba ekubeni ukwehla kwezinga reactor ngumxube ekhethekileyo yepeyinti mali dilomitov boron-equlethe. kweentsuku ezilishumi emva koko, ukuba unazo omkhulu wamajoni kufika kwindawo neekhilomitha-30, ukuze uphephe kwii-abahlali kunye beza nabo apha izazinzulu liquidators yale ngozi.

Kunyaka wokuqala inani labasebenzi sonxunguphalo yafikelela kubantu abamalunga namawaka 300. De kube lelo xesha lethu inani liquidators lenyuka ukuya 600 amawaka abantu. Abantu esebenza ngamaqela, kuba kaloku ixesha abangayi kuyinyamezela iimpembelelo radiation, ezinye ngasekhohlo, kwaye endaweni yabo kwenzé. Ukuze ngokusisigxina ikheswa wabatshabalalisa reactor zenyukliya, kwagqitywa ukwakhela phezu kwabo ekuthiwa "sarcophagus". Le sarcophagus yokuqala yakhiwa iintsuku 206 yaye yagqitywa ngoNovemba 1986.

Phantse unyaka ukubamba esi siganeko. IChernobyl ntlekele owaziwa emhlabeni, kodwa liquidators abaninzi ayaziwa. Ngoko ke abadlali, kungekhona abantu abadumileyo karhulumente eqaqambileyo abadlala eqongeni sobukhalipha fake kunye yezikhulu. Bona amaqhawe wokwenene ngako konke ukunciphisa izinga imisebe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Banika usisindisile ubomi babo.

World indlela kawonke

IChernobyl ntlekele (iifoto inokubonwa kwinqaku) Kungekudala kwazeka kuyo ehlabathini: amazwe aseYurophu lathi namanqanaba aphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga lwemitha, bahlabe umkhosi, yaye yatyhilwa inyaniso. Emva kokuba ihlabathi wafunda iChernobyl intlekele, ukwakhiwa isityalo samandla senyukliya phantse wayeka kumazwe amaninzi. I-United States kunye Western Yurophu phambi 2002 ziye ukuba ningandakheli nasiphi isityalo samandla enyukliya. Izazinzulu emhlabeni wonke kufuneka ukuba basebenze kuyo imithombo yamandla. Ngelo USSR enye phambi kokuba ingozi eyayicwangciselwe ukuba ukwakha izityalo mandla 10 yaye kusekho nezinye zamandla sele izikhululo yokusebenza, kodwa zonke izicwangciso sele ivaliwe ukususela iziganeko wama-26 Apreli. IChernobyl ntlekele wabonisa indlela ebulalayo kunokuba 'zoxolo "atom.

okungayi

Ngaphandle ngokuba Pripyat zayekwa kunye amakhulu zokuhlala ezincinci. Indawo ngekhilomitha-30 ehlabathini isikhululo waqalisa ukuba kuthiwe "okungayi." Ungcoliseko elinzima ndawo yonke phantsi 200 km. Kakhulu lugwayimbo, Zhytomyr kunye ummandla Kyïv, Ukraine, yaye Belarus - Gomel oblast eRashiya - kummandla Bryansk. Izitshanguba lwemitha baye bafumana eFinland, eNorway naseSweden, ingakumbi amahlathi abachaphazelekayo.

Inani enesifo somdlavuza emva ukusilela linyuke kakhulu. Uninzi baqala abaphathwa ngumhlaza womlomo lengqula, elibamba hit lokuqala radiation.

Oogqirha baqalisa ukuthetha ngento yokuba abantwana abazalwa ngabazali kuloo mimandla ubunzima kulimala zokuzalwa zofuzo. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1987 kwakukho ukugqabhuka Down syndrome.

I ngakumbi okumiselwe Chernobyl

Emva kokuba ihlabathi bafunda yengozi eChernobyl, oko azisasebenzi ngenxa isisongelo asuleleke radiation enamandla. Kodwa emva kweminyaka embalwa ngamandla lokuqala nolwesibini kwakhona baza baqalisa umsebenzi wabo, yaye kamva ngokusesikweni amandla wesithathu.

Ngowe-1995 kwagqitywa kwelokuba ivalwe umphelo phantsi isikhululo samandla. Emva esi sicwangciso, ngo-1996 emiswa yi kweyunithi yokuqala, ngo-1999 - owesibini, yaye ekugqibeleni isikhululo yavalwa ngo-2000.

Umsebenzi waqala kwiminyaka embalwa kamva isigqibo karhulumente ekwakheni sarcophagus entsha, njengoko kwimiphumo yokuqala radiation asingabo ikhusela ngokupheleleyo okusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, ngo-2012 urhulumente Ukrainian unibangile ngokusemthethweni ukuba sele uqalile umsebenzi ukwakha isakhiwo esitsha zokhuselo. Kufuneka etywiniweyo ngokupheleleyo yunithi, yaye, ngokutsho izazinzulu, radioactivity akuyi kucanda iindonga a sarcophagus entsha. Ukwakhiwa kufuneka igcwaliswe-2018, kwaye indleko yalo iprojekthi ezingaphezu kwama-2 US zeerandi.

Ngo-2009, urhulumente wase Ukrainian liqulunqe inkqubo ukugqibezela kwisikhululo yokubulala, nto leyo iya kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezine. Isigaba yokugqibela iya kugqitywa nge-2065. Ngeli xesha abasemagunyeni bafuna ukulahla ngokupheleleyo yonke imikhondo ubukho isiza iChernobyl amandla enyukliya.

memory

Aprili 26 kunyaka ngamnye ligcinwe Usuku kwiSikhumbuzo Chernobyl intlekele. Le memory of liquidators kunye namaxhoba kwengozi ayeze nje kuphela ico, kodwa kumazwe amaninzi of Western Europe. E France, eParis, kufutshane Eiffel Tower ngemini yabamba isiganeko encinane apho abantu baqubuda iintloko zabo phambi kokuba ubuqhawe abacimi.

Zonke izikolo April 26 ukuqhuba iyure ulwazi Bothetha embi kakhulu kwaye abantu wasindisa ihlabathi. Abantwana bafunda imibongo malunga Chernobyl ntlekele. Iimbongi banikezele njengamaqhawe abo bawa kunye abasindileyo, ayeke Ityhefu radiation, kwakunye amawaka naziphi abantu abamsulwa abaye baba izisulu ingozi.

Ukukhunjulwa iChernobyl Ingozi sisiseko abaninzi bhanya kunye bhanya feature. imveliso yasekhaya Iifilimu kuphela, ama- amaninzi amazwe kunye nabalawuli elikhankanyiweyo iChernobyl yintlekele imisebenzi yakhe.

IChernobyl ntlekele iye indawo esembindini imingcelele imidlalo, "Stalker", yaye lisebenza iyelenqe ukuba iinoveli elinesibini vutshila igama elifanayo.
Kutsha nje, ngozi eChernobyl wayeneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, kodwa iziphumo ntlekele kule minyaka nabangekafumani nya, lo ukubola ezinye izinto ziya kuqhubeka kangangamawaka eminyaka. Le ngozi uya kukhunjulwa ihlabathi njengoko ingozi kunayo inkohlakalo embalini.