Industry e China. Iifektri nolimo of China

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo koshishino China yaqala ngo-1978. Naso xa urhulumente waqalisa ukuphumeza ngokubonakalayo kutshintsho zobunene yezoqoqosho. Kuqala kwinto zonke, kwakufuneka nokulungiswa kumashishini ezingundoqo kwamanye amazwe, nokutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kunye nokudalwa imimandla yezoqoqosho kunye kwerhafu kuncomekayo kunye nemozulu yolawulo. Ngenxa yoko, kweli xesha lethu, eli lizwe yenye yeenkokheli yehlabathi ekuvelisweni phantse onke amaqela imveliso.

Imbali emfutshane kuphuhliso lwamashisini e China

Njengoko akumangalisi njengoko kuvakala unakho, kodwa kude kwinkulungwane ye-omabini, China inkqubo karhulumente semi-feudal kunye noqoqosho ongaphuhliswanga kunye nemveliso. Ngokomgaqo-mveliso, oko kwasilela emva kumazwe aphuhlileyo ihlabathi iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, kwaye wenza kuphela nje yorhwebo kunye nomhlehlo kwezolimo. Izinto zaqala ukutshintsha emva 1949, xa China enziwe. Emva kokubamba ngemva elifutshane ixesha kukwanda kweefektri shishino kunye nezolimo eTshayina zaqala ukuba ngokukhawuleza. An ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa ngayo oku kubizwa ngokuba into yokuba kwiminyaka nje phezu amahlanu kweli lizwe kwabonakala amashishini amatsha malunga 370 lamawaka. Umthamo imveliso ngeli xesha banda izihlandlo 39. Namhlanje, eli lizwe ukwimo eziphambili ehlabathini kwenani mveliso. ishishini lakhe lonke kule imelwe amashishini ezahlukeneyo 360. Ngenxa amazinga aphezulu kakhulu ukukhula, urhulumente maxa wambi bade kwanyanzeleka ukuba umenze. Oku kwenzelwa ukuthintela ingxaki elandelayo kunye nezothuso kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. La maziko inkulu of China i-kuqwalasele kakhulu kwi kumaphondo aselunxwemeni empumalanga. Ezi ziquka Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong kunye nezinye.

Nezokukhupha igesi kunye namafutha

Ilizwe inama ngokwanelisayo sisityebi ongaphantsi. Ngaphandle koku, elihambisayo shishino of China liqulunqe ngcono kakhulu imigodi. Enoba lwalunjani, ubungakanani ezigciniweyo igesi yendalo ezafunyanwa kwimimandla ekumzantsi kunye nempuma yeli lizwe, abaphandi baqikelela ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-4 amawaka ezigidi iitoni. Ukususela namhlanje, ayavelelwa ngaphantsi kwe-4% yabo. Ke ukuba kwimveliso ye-oyile, ngoko ebangela ukuba omnye sesihlanu ukuvelisa amafutha namandla kwemithombo kuMbindi yoBukumkani. Oovimba zegolide abamnyama, elibonelela-16% ingeniso ngaphandle, kukho malunga 64 billion neetoni. Okwangoku kweli lizwe kukho iinkampani 32 zibanga kwimveliso ye-oyile. Le mveliso inkulu ekuhlaleni ukuze kungonakali ayo kwiphondo Tsaidam Yuymen, noDagan kunye Shandong.

imboni ukukhanya

Ngamaxesha pre-mbuso, ishishini ukukhanya China idlale indima ephambili isakhiwo kuqoqosho lweli. Kubalulekile kakhulu kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lizwe kule ndawo iintsalela namhlanje. Eneneni, xa ukutya eyolukiweyo namashishini kwabalelwa phantse-21% yazo zonke iimveliso mveliso ezenziwa kweli lizwe. Ukukhokela iinkampani ezivelisa oko, saa kwilizwe lonke. Ishishini ukutya kakhulu esithile kumzantsi-China. Kule mimandla kumntla-ntshona ikakhulu kwiinkampani zibanga imveliso imfuyo kunye nokusebenza bomqhaphu. inkampani North-mpuma kakhulu abandakanyeke ephepheni, Ngobisi kunye neswekile ulwalathiso kumashishini afana neshishini ukukhanya in China. Ngokubanzi, ngokwaseburhulumenteni, kukho iinkampani kwama 23 amawaka nemiqhaphu, apho imveliso zempahla ekrwada e-processing luphawulwa kugxininiswa ecacileyo, kwakunye malunga 65 lamawaka amashishini yokudla. Musa Ungayilibali yonke le nto, kwaye imveliso kwephepha. Nangona akukho nje amabhongo njengoko amacandelo amabini edlulileyo, kodwa idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lweli lizwe.

imboni enzima

Ngokufanayo, amanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho, kunokuba kusenzeka ngokukhawuleza noshishino enzima e-China. Kwiinkampani specialising kulo emva ukunyuka elide kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo iye luphawulwa ukwehliswa umthamo kwimveliso. Ngelo xesha, ophuma kuyo, abahlalutyi abaninzi ehlabathini, oko akunanto yakwenza umgangatho weemveliso kunye namaxabiso. Isibakala sokuba eli lizwe ngoku inomthamo agqithisileyo, leyo sizoku lwisana abazimisele ngesifo sephepha, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwe kodwa ehlabathini lonke, kufuneka nje ukusika. Kakhulu iindleko, njengoko nto ibonisa ukuba ukususela namhlanje amashishini amancinci kolu shishino. Iingcali athi oku kuthabatha ixesha elide, ngoko ke imarike kuya lisasazwe kwixa elizayo, emva koko malunga ne-5% iinkampani kolu shishino iya siyabhanga okanye iya zifunxwe yeenkampani ezinkulu.

engineering

De phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, saba akukho indima kuphuhliso loqoqosho eTshayina. nabeshishini lizwe phantse ukuba wenza oomatshini kunye icandelo iindawo,-ntaka, iitrektara, ngeemoto njalo njalo. Enyanisweni, lo obunjineli boomatshini emva revolution 1949 wadalwa entsha China. Kuphela ngexesha lokuqala Five-Year Plan kweli lizwe yayakhiwe izityalo ngaphezulu kwama-60 (yayakhelwe Bulelani inkxaso esebenzayo evela eSoviet Union isahlulo sesithathu kubo). Ngenxa yoko, ngoku le meko itshintshe kakhulu. Kungoku nje, eli candelo livelisa ngaphezu kwama 53 amawaka iimveliso kwaye uyakufezekisa ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zangaphakathi karhulumente. Kuba amaziko zobunjineli inkulu ke eBeijing, Shenyang, Shanghai kunye Tianjin.

yokunyibilikisa isinyithi

Njengoko sele kutshiwo ngentla apha, eli lizwe esisityebi kunene kwemithombo yendalo. Ngenxa kule uphuhliso zako noshishino ophuma China. Phantse wonke iphondo okanye izimele apho amashishini of yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ayoni, inani elipheleleyo amakhulu abanophawu 1.5 amawaka. Urhulumente uvelisa ngaphezu kwewaka neentlobo ngentsimbi, kubandakanywa aluminium kwishishini lweenqwelo le, ebonakala nokumelana aphezulu ubushushu, eliphezulu-grade ezineempawu kwangaphambili. Le ethile engundoqo, nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba iinkampani ezininzi kule entsimini, yaba inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu yezobugcisa imveliso kunye namahlwempu ngokubaxhobisa kunye ubugcisa bale mihla. Ngaphezu koko, malunga nama-70% kwamashishini ezinjalo ngokubanzi ukuba izixhobo kunye nezibonelelo zonyango. Njengoko kuba yokunyibilikisa isinyithi non-ayoni, iimeko zophuhliso yayo ngokukhuselekileyo wachazwa kakuhle nje, ndineemfesane zehlabathi kukho iidipozithi zizityebi zobhedu, manganese, zinc, isilivere, negolide, ukukhokela kunye nezinye ores ezininzi. Ngelo xesha ke kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwamashumi kuphela nje embalwa edlulileyo, ayenziwa imigodi kuphela abanye babo, waza yena lwaqhutywa ukuphuhlisa chaotically, ngaphandle nokugcina imithetho nezakhiwo yokhuseleko.

production yemoto

Into ebalulekileyo indima kuqoqosho lweli lizwe edlalwa i ngomatshini Imboni China. Ukusebenza kwe-nkqubo kulandelwa ngurhulumente kule ndawo iphezulu kakhulu. Okokuqala, oko kubonakaliswa into yokuba urhulumente ngempumelelo aphuhlileyo ngentsebenziswano ezininzi ngokukokelayo imoto neenkampani. Njengoko namhla Iinkwenkwezi kuphela inika phantse zonke imfuno zasekhaya izithuthi. Ngaloo ukungenisa kwabo ayidluli inqanaba-10%. Le meko kubangelwe ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba urhulumente ayizami motorization labantu (umatshini siqu% 1 kuphela labemi). A Inani irhafu, imisebenzi kunye nezithintelo kwakhokelela ekubeni imoto okuphambili.

yokwakhiwa

Kunokuba ibe kwindawo yokugqibela ngokwemiqathango uphuhliso loshishino lokwakha eTshayina. Oku akumangalisi, kuba kweli lizwe kukho zigcine gypsum, mifanekiso, zwi, udongwe umgangatho ophezulu, asbestos, lekalika kunye linguMika. Eyona enkulu kunazo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zokwakha na imveliso zesamente, nto leyo elasekwa emantla-mpuma kummandla kweli lizwe. Uninzi iinkampani ekuveliseni tiles yodongwe buzinze Boshan, Jiangxi, Shenyang kunye Urumqi, kunye mveliso zezitena - hayi kude eBeijing. Le dolophu idume kwiinkampani asbestos Sichuan zayo ezinamandla.

imboni chemical

Nangona elikhulu koovimba berhasi, amalahle phosphate, e China ithuba elide xesha akazange unaka amaninzi amashishini. Abanye babo nje ngokutsha wadala emva revolution. Akuzange ngaphandle, kunye noshishino lemichiza e China. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala baloo mashumi angamahlanu zenkulungwane lokugqibela, kwakukho 33 iinkampani ezinkulu zibanga kule ndawo. Ngelo xesha elinye ixesha elifutshane loo xesha uluhlu lweemveliso liye landa phindene kalishumi, ukuya uphawu yezihloko 900. Amashishini imichiza inkulu ibekwe e Nanjing, Shanghai, Harbin, Shenyang kunye Jilin.

ezolimo

I inani elinyusayo yabemi kukhokelela ekwandeni ukutya. Kule nkalo, i-Government of China ubiza kuqala ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso ngakumbi esebenzayo lwamashishini ezifana processing ukutya kunye nolimo e China. Eli lizwe umgaqo-nkqubo jikelele inkxaso nabalimi ukwenzela ukuphucula wayo umgangatho wobomi nokwandisa imveliso yezityalo. Ngokukodwa, abalimi baxolelwe iirhafu zolimo, irhafu kwimveliso, kuxhelwe kunye nezinye iintlawulo. Ukongeza, abemi abo benza lo shishino, ngaphandle zonke iintlobo nezibonelelo, iinkxaso, mboleko elilungileyo nkqu zoncedo ukulwa. Phantse onke amaphondo kwinqanaba lowiso, urhulumente uqinisekisa nokuthengwa izityalo kumafama. amazwi ngqo ofanelwe igalelo zezazinzulu basekuhlaleni abalimi, ngubani sikwazile ukuzisa eziliqela zezityalo izivuno, izihlandlo eziliqela ngaphezu koko kwiintlobo zemveli.

isiphelo

Eli nqaku lishwankathela kuphela kumashishini amakhulu China. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, uBukhosi Iinkwenkwezi eye waphumelela kakhulu kwezinye iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa yezoqoqosho. Ezi ziquka uphuhliso lolwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe eziphilayo, namayeza afanelekileyo, ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma, unxibelelwano, ukuphucula ubugcisa kwikhompyutha, ukuphuhliswa kwemithombo ezintsha yamandla, ukuncitshiswa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kunye nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi.