Kweejini kunye phenotype njengoko zenzululwazi zendalo, nakwezentlalo iindidi

Namhlanje ezi ngcamango zimbini yanwenwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ulwazi, nangona ekuqaleni ukusebenzisa kwabo isicelo kuphela entsimini eziphilayo. Inkcazo "kweejini zabantu" yokuqala ukuvela lesayensi revolution sibulela umsebenzi Johanson, xa ngo-1909 wasebenzisa ukuba linokudlulisela oluntsonkothileyo neempawu ilifa ephilayo. Udidi "kweejini" kwahlukile lwesihloko evela iingqiqo sofuzo kwaye lezakhi, ekubeni luphawu ndlovu ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, kwaye sofuzo kwaye lezakhi lweempawu yemfuza ezibonisa iintlobo eziphilayo.

Ingqiqo kweejini kunye phenotype nazo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba kweejini uchaza iimpawu zabo ilifa, ezo eziziimpawu umzimba yunithi ukuxhomekeka kwezinye izinto kuphela, lo phenotype ibonakalisa kwiipropati iquka isenzo lokusingqongileyo, okukule utshintsho yemfuza.

Ekwimo yakhe eyiyeyona jikelele, lo kweejini njenge inkqubo ngokupheleleyo wahlukile phenotype kwe parameters zilandelayo:

- babe imithombo eyahlukeneyo yolwazi yemfuza (kweejini le DNA kwi phenotype ayinakutshintshwa iinkcukacha ezifunyenwe yi uphando lwangaphandle eziphilayo);

- ngenxa yoko, omnye kwaye kweejini efanayo ndinimise njengenxalenye phenotypes ezahlukeneyo.

Ngaphezu koko, lo kweejini elithi (njenge into zebhayoloji) ithathwa njengokuba intsingiselo ebanzi nemxinwa. Ngengqiqo emxinwa, oku kukuthi, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe, ukuhlanganiswa eyodwa yemfuza, kwaye abanzi - iseti zonke iimpawu zamafa ukuba uzikise yemfuza. Ngale ndlela, le kweejini lubonakala ngokudibanisa eyodwa iiseti yemfuza kakhulu ngamnye (genomes) iimpawu ezifumaneka kubazali.

Ngoko ke, umahluko enye: indlela kweejini kunye phenotype ahluka yi into yokuba phenotype phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko zangaphandle ukuze kwempilo utshintsho, lo gama i-kweejini zonke ixesha iya kuhlala injalo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ekugqibeni kweejini ukuba banike ngendlela eyahlukileyo, apho ichazwa njenge:

- semvelo kuphela umntu indibanisela iimpawu lofuzo;

- izibini iparameters ezithile alleles (enye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezimbini a okuphambili gene) equlethwe a ufuzo ethile.

Phenotype omiswe parameters physico-eekhemikhali ephilayo, ezichaza kuphela ngamnye eziphilayo kunye kwemichiza kodwa zokuziphatha. Kule kota, njengokuba kweejini, lisetyenziswa unyango ezimbini. Xa obanzi, lo phenotype yento ephilayo ibonisa imiqondiso sobuntu. Ngandlel 'ithile phenotype emxinwa ngakumbi ithathwa njengokuba njengekhrayitheriya wokwahlula iintlobo ezithile eziphilayo, umz, abantu babe phenotype eliphezulu undersized - omnye.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19, ebudeni ukuyilwa yokuhlalisana njenge inzululwazi, omnye ethandwa iingqiqo ingqalelo yoluntu, kwaba imfundiso organicism ngakaHerbert Spencer, eli apho ekwimo yakhe eyiyeyona jikelele ukuqinisekisa ukuba Spencer wazama ukucinga uluntu efanayo umzimba yabantu. Ukwahlula of soobschnostey yabantu kuyaqinisekiswa kule mfundiso iimpawu ezizodwa kwisizwe ngasinye, inkcubeko yawo, abacinga ngayo, iimpawu indlela yembali, iintlobo nakolu yokucinga zentlalo kunye nokuziphatha, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

ekugqibeleni Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ingqiqo kweejini kunye phenotype ziye zanda neemfundiso zentlalo. Lwalo elula le ukutyhilwa na ukhetho ekuthiwa-genotypes empumalanga nasentshonalanga uluntu apho kujongwa parameters evelela kubo ezivelileyo ukuze iimpawu nje ekuhlaleni, endleleni. inkcubeko yengqondo nezentlalo, indlela yembali zophuhliso, unqulo kunye nabanye. Ukusebenzisa iindidi kweejini kunye phenotype kwiinkalo zentlalo, wenze kube lula ukuyisebenzisa kwabo ukubhekisela criteria uhlobo sociocultural zesifundo izizwe, iintlanga, amaqela asekuhlaleni ezinye ubukhulu becala enkulu kunye noluntu.