Neplutoniyam-238: imveliso eRashiya, photo, iimpawu, isicelo

Neplutoniyam-238 - kweziyobisi kakhulu yingozi. Lusetyenziswa kulwakhiwo izinto isithuba kunye nokudalwa enyukliya. Kushishino oveliswa kuphela zamandla zenyukliya. Phambi perestroika kwi USSR, eUnited States benza ukuvelisa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo endaweni yayo.

imveliso neplutoniyam-238 ukuba US

Ukuze kuveliswe neplutoniyam-238, oko kuyimfuneko ukuze enze ixesha elide kakhulu yaye nomsebenzi emdaka. 150 kg neplutoniyam wayigqiba yonke 50 amawaka ekuhanjisweni inkunkuma. UMongameli Gorbachev era Ukukhathalela ebalaseleyo netshatsheleyo. Perestroika elite wagqiba ukuba kuphosakele ukuba inkunkuma abazalwana emhlabeni-American. Ukususela ngo-1988, lo neplutoniyam-238 eziveliswe kuphela eRashiya.

Ngowe-1992, umbutho imveliso igama "Lighthouse" utyikitye isivumelwano ubonelelo kangangoko ngeekhilogram ezintlanu into eyaziwa ngokuba neplutoniyam-238 eUnited States. Production eRashiya imi kwidolophu ekwanti Ozersk, eyaziwa ngokuba eChelyabinsk-40. Inzuzo kule mvumelwano kuqikelelwa malunga nezigidi ezi-6. Isixa neplutoniyam eveliswa wanele ukubaleka kwiisathelayithi-3 ukuya kwisi-6 kunye ufakelo zenyukliya. Abaphengululi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba phantse zonke kuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni ezinjalo Melika emva ekuweni yiSoviet Union kwakukho zaveliswa kuphela eRashiya Isotope.

Cooperation okanye ubukrwada?

Kwinkulungwane yama-20 kukho ihlazo encinane, kodwa ebonakalayo. Isibakala sokuba eUnited States uye wasebenzisa Hewana zifakelwa izixhobo zenyukliya ngokuba ngoontamnani eRashiya. Baye kwenziwa Isotope efanayo Russian. Phezu koko, imveliso neplutoniyam-238 ayenziwanga wayeka, nangoncedo eUnited States waqhubeka. Ukongeza, njengokuba kudala njengoko 2003 phakathi inkampani "TENEX 'Russian kunye ummeli American ngekhontrakthi ukunika le Isotope dioxide.

Nangona kunjalo, lo neplutoniyam-238, nto leyo kuthwalelwa phandle kummandla Russia, akazange wawuhluthisa umphefumlo zisebenzisa American. Ngapha koko, States kuya kufuneka ukuba uqale uphuhliso enomjukujelwa zokhuselo esithubeni. Ngoko bagqiba ukuba ukuphinda-ukuqala imveliso Isotope e.

Izizathu Melika production Isotope

ukuphuhlisa inkqubo Isotope lwenzelwe States kangangeminyaka engama-30, apho kuthiwa ukuvelisa malunga 158 kg weli eziyingozi. Zombini eendaba Russian angaphandle kwafuneka ukuba banikele ingqalelo yokuba oku kwenzeka okokuqala emva kokuphela IMfazwe kunye eUnited States. Noba indlela, ekuqaleni imveliso ezinxulumene izicelo kunokwenzeka zomkhosi States ndawana. Ayizi ukongeza yoxolo into yokuba ukuqala yemveliso ngexesha le Isotope ingqamana ukuphehlelelwa yophuhliso imizili ukuziphendulela.

amazwe ahlukeneyo, amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo

Loo nto inika umdla into yokuba phantsi kwemiqathango isivumelwano kunye Russian inkampani "TENEX" ixabiso ngenxa ikhilogram enye le Isotope yi $ 1 yezigidi. Nangona America yabela izihlandlo ezilikhulu ngakumbi neplutoniyam-238. Production eRashiya lonke eli xesha kwenzeka ngamaxabiso kulahlwa - kwisigqibo kwezinye enjalo. Kuluntu Russian wavakalisa izimvo ezahlukeneyo malunga ezinjalo "nokubambisana" kunye eUnited States. I-Arhente Federal for Atomic Energy bakholelwa ukuba ezi intengiso enenzuzo zikhutyaziwe kwaye eziyimfuneko kuqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, Russia sithengise neplutoniyam-238 kumazwe-32 ehlabathini lonke. Yintoni uchaza le imfuno yaye kutheni le Isotope?

Neplutoniyam-238: yesicelo

Enyanisweni, lo Isotope yi eceleni of neplutoniyam-239. Kwaye yena, naye, lelona candelo kuzo ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Xa ixesha le-IMfazwe, nto leyo ebangele ukuba ugqatso isithuba, kunye icala elithile kakuhle kakhulu. Umzekelo, neplutoniyam-239 ziveliswa eMzantsi Carolina ukwakha enyukliya. Lanikwa ukuba yi-kwimveliso ukulungiselela ukuveliswa-Hewana kunye ixhokonxa. Xa umenzi eMzantsi Carolina ebizwa ngokuba "Savannah River" sele ivaliwe, i-US waqalisa ukuba kuthengwe Isotope eRashiya.

Neplutoniyam-238 - an kwamafutha efanelekileyo esetyenziselwa nophando. imitha yayo eqhumayo. Kodwa ke, lo gama ezinye izinto, le Isotope kuphephe. Umzekelo, neplutoniyam-238 kudla livalelwe granules iridium. Zikhanya obomvu, kwaye eziyiyo nobushushu obuninzi. Nangona granules iridium ukugcina isidima Isotope kuyaninqabisa. Le granules babekwa ijanareyitha ekhethekileyo ezikhuthaza ukuguqulwa ubushushu ibe umbane. Ngale Hewana isithuba ndandisahlolisisa izithuba ezivulekileyo isithuba, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo okuvelisa umbane ngale ndlela unokuthatha iminyaka yonke.

isitokhwe Namhlanje ngayo neplutoniyam-238

Xa iingxelo ezininzi, koovimba ihlabathi weli liyehla ngokukhawuleza. Kutsha nje kwi US kwijenali Nature lapapasha inqaku phantsi apho NASA ngoku ekhohlo 35 kuphela Isotope kg. Yaye njengokuba zingasetyenziswa sisibaso, kuphela ihafu yale mali iyonke. Uhambo wangxamela ukuba Mars sele uthathe-5 kg Pu-238. Russia naye ngoku akusekho uthengisa le Isotope. Mhlawumbi nathi, nathi, yena yinja.

iingozi ezinkulu ekusebenziseni Isotope

Kutshanje, emkhosini US abeluxunile phantsi yisathelayithi isithuba. Esakwenza oku inelungelo ukuthintela ukuwa kwayo olungalawulwayo. I-ntlanu wathi satellite anobunzima 5 crumbled baba ngamawaka amathathu phezu Pacific Ocean. Nganye amaqhekeza ngobukhulu kwakufana kalukhuni ngebhola ekhatywayo. Kwi ibhodi spyware satellite lalimalunga 500 hydrazine kg - propellant leyo eye zinetyhefu kakhulu. Ke kaloku kwabakho imali ethile Isotope neplutoniyam-238 - amanani ngqo ungenguye ntlanu wathi.

Usongo kubo bonke abantu

Kodwa enyanisweni, omnye eziyimiqobo yingozi emhlabeni wonke lo Isotope neplutoniyam-238. Iimpawu into yokuba 450 kuphela iigrem oku kunokubangela umhlaza kulo lonke uluntu. Isiqingatha-ubomi of neplutoniyam-238 imalunga 90 iminyaka. Ngoko ke zintoni ezi "ngeebhola" kuya kubakho ixesha elide ukuze bonakalise umhlaba kunye nabemi bayo.

Noko ke, asiyiyo okokuqala kwimbali ukuhlasela yenyukliya abavela ngaphandle. Zonke Hewana Ixesha Space Research 49 zaye Sanduluka izixhobo zenyukliya. 36 kubo ezisebenzayo Russia kunye eSoviet Union, 13 - States. Ngoku esemajukujukwini, ezinobude ephakathi 800 1000 kweekhilomitha ezi-50 Hewana ngamaqhekeza zenyukliya. Ukuba ushiye akukho inzala abantu njenge "ilifa" ukufa zenyukliya, Ph.D. Hussein Chechenov uceba ukubuyisela neplutoniyam-238 akanangozi neyuranium-235.

Usongo, ngethamsanqa, wadlula Russian

Ekwindla ka-2016 sele aphengela kukuwa satellite American ekuthiwa UARS, leyo, ukuqondana abonwabileyo, moya elidlulileyo. Obuqhajelweyo eminye imihla esiwa into - kuqala ukuba Septemba 17, uze emva koko - 23. Kule ndaba, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, ayizange ithi akukho nto kwanabo yisathelayithi, kodwa ukuqhushumba ngokwenene yenyukliya. Kungenzeka, oku kwenziwa ukuze ukusasaza panic phakathi kwabantu. Emva kokuba satellite igcwele neplutoniyam-238. Iifoto yenjongosenzi va icebisa ukuba UARS ngobukhulu ukuya Sibona ubukhulu.

Ngokutsho NASA uqikelelo, kwafuneka kuwa kumbindi weRashiya. Ukuba ngokwenene Kwathi, kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa malunga 300 lamawaka. Abantu eMoscow wayeza kubulawa nokudumba miphungeni. UARS kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile sahlala, wawa emhlabeni kuphela ngoSeptemba 24 zaya kuntlitheka ulwandle kufuphi eKhanada. Pu-238 kulo kwaba malunga nama-30 kg. Canada ingelilo ixesha lokuqala ukutyelela i-satellite isithuba obulalayo. Ixesha lokuqala ikwazile urhulumente ukuba phantsi into ezayo kwi indlela kwilizwekazi, waza waziwisa naye elwandle.