Iiproteni: indima eziphilayo. Indima yezinto eziphilayo iiprothini emzimbeni

Iiproteni, indima bemvelo eziza kuxoxwa namhlanje - eyakhiwe ngayo iikhompawundi ophezulu-ngemolekyula ye asidi acid. Phakathi zonke ezinye oganikhi khompawundi, ziphakathi entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwisakhiwo sabo. Ngu elemental iiproteni ukwakheka zahluka amafutha kunye carbohydrate: ukongeza ioksijini, yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon ukuba nayo initrogen. Ukongeza, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo iiprotheni ibalulekileyo isalfure, yaye ezinye ziqulathe ayodini, intsimbi kunye phosphorus.

Indima ngokobugcisa kwiproteni uphezulu kakhulu. Kuyinto le imishini i inxalenye enkulu ubunzima protoplasm, kunye eziba ezikwiiseli eziphilayo. Zonke izinto zezilwanyana nezityalo ziiproteni.

Omnye okanye imisebenzi eziliqela

Indima eziphilayo kunye nemisebenzi khompawundi ezahlukeneyo yalo ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko into yokuba isakhiwo imichiza ethile, iiproteins ngalinye lenza umsebenzi ezizodwa kakhulu. Kuphela kwezinye iimeko ukwenza zihlobene eziliqela. Umzekelo, epinephrine, evela kwi Medulla adrenal, bangene igazi, kwandisa uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye mpilo, iswekile yegazi. Ukongeza, ukuba ivuselela emzimbeni, ngelixa izilwanyana zinegazi elibandayo - kwaye umlamli luvo. Njengoko ubona, lenza imisebenzi ezininzi ngexesha elinye.

Le enzymatic (zokuphosa) umsebenzi

reactions Multiple ezinto zenzeka eziphilayo, yenziwa phantsi kweemeko inobulali, phantsi apho ubushushu seliza-40 ° C, yaye pH phantse cala. Phantsi kwezi meko, izinga kakhulu elivela kuzo abaninzi babo. Ngoko ke, ukuze kufezeke, kufuneka enzayim thina - ezithile ehlanganisa eziphilayo. Phantse zonke reactions, ngaphandle kokuba photolysis wamanzi izinto eziphilayo catalyzed yi enqanda kuyo. Ezi zinto ke nokuba iiproteni okanye izakhiwo iiproteins kunye cofactor (molecule eziphilayo okanye ion metal). Enzyme uyamkhetha kuvusa inkqubo eyimfuneko. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi zokuphosa, kuxoxwe ngasentla, - omnye wabo nadlulisela iiprothini. Indima ngokobugcisa ezi zihlanganisi, Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwayo akupheleli. Kukho ezinye iinkalo ezininzi eziza kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

umsebenzi izithuthi

Kuba ubukho iiseli kufuna ukuba nobuninzi kwezinto zibe ngaphakathi kwayo, ezibonelela ngayo ngezinto amandla zokwakha. Zonke imifinya zebhayoloji bakhelwe umgaqo eqhelekileyo. Lo maleko kabini lipids, iiprotheni zaye zathuthwa kuyo. Ngelo xesha ingqalelo esibamba macromolecules sites phezu inwebu kwaye Ebubanzini zabo - "nemisila" hydrophobic. Esi sakhiwo xhungu amacandelo ebalulekileyo: acid, iswekile, ion zesinyithi kwealkali. Ukungena kwezi zinto zibe iiseli kwenzeka nge iiproteni zothutho elungiselwe kwiseli ndizayo. Ntsholongwane, umzekelo, kukho iproteni ekhethekileyo obonelela ukutshintshelwa lactose (milk iswekile) ngokusebenzisa ndizayo engaphandle.

Xa eziphilayo multicellular, kukho inkqubo yezothutho kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ukusuka umbutho omnye komnye. Esithetha ngokuyintloko malunga ngehemoglobin (ingasentla). Xa plasma yegazi, ukongeza, sihlala albumin serum (a iproteni yothutho). Kuye ukukwazi ukwenza izakhiwo ezizinzileyo akhekha ekugayeni ye asidi kwamafutha ezinamanqatha, kwakunye nenani asidi hydrophobic acid (umz, tryptophan) kunye namachiza amaninzi (ezinye penicillins, sulfonamides, aspirin). Transferrin, enika ezothutho kumzimba ion zesinyithi, omnye umzekelo. Chaza kunokwenziwa kwaye tseruplazmin apho ohambisa ion yobhedu. Ngoko ke, siye wajonga imisebenzi ezothutho ukuba enze iiprothini. indima yabo lomzimba kwaye kulo mbono kubaluleke kakhulu.

umsebenzi receptor

ezenza protein kubaluleke kakhulu, ingakumbi ukusebenza eziphilayo multicellular. Bona ihlanganiswe plasma yeseli inwebu bakhonza ukuqonda kunye nokuguqulwa iziganeko leyo ufake iseli. Kule meko iimpawu kungaba mhlawumbi ezinye iiseli ze-bume engqongileyo. ezenza Acetylcholine okwangoku kakhulu kufundwa. Bona Lifumaneka kwinani labafowunelwa interneuron kwiseli inwebu, kuquka kwi unxulumano neuromuscular kwi neuron. Ezi proteni basebenzisane acetylcholine nokudlulisa umqondiso ngaphakathi kwiseli.

Neurotransmitter ngokufumana uphawu kwaye iguqulwe kufuneka isuswe ukuze ikwazi ukulungiselela iseli yakwazi ukuba aqonde ngakumbi imiyalezo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, acetylcholinesterase - enzyme, nto leyo iza kuba haydrolisis of acetylcholine ukuya choline kunye acetate. Asinto ngumsebenzi kubaluleke ngokugqithisileyo kwaye receptor eyenza protein? Indima eziphilayo kwezi zinto zilandelayo, umsebenzi zokuzikhusela zabasebenzi umzimba kakhulu. Ngale nje akavumelani.

zikhusela

amajoni omzimba xa iphendula ukubonakala isizukulwana amasuntswana basemzini inani elikhulu lymphocyte. Bona bayakwazi kokonakalisa iziqalelo zikhethwe. Ezi amasuntswana amazwe kunokuba iiseli zomhlaza, iintsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela amasuntswana supramolecular (macromolecules, iintsholongwane, njalo njalo). lymphocyte B - iqela lymphocyte, leyo uvelisa iiproteni ezizodwa. Ezi proteni ahluka kule kwegazi. Babona amasuntswana amazwe, kanjalo bakha nembubhiso inyathelo entsonkothileyo kakhulu ezithile. Ezi proteni zibizwa ngokuba immunoglobulins. A awakwazi ekubhekiselelwe izinto zasemzini engabangela impendulo amajoni omzimba.

umsebenzi structure

Kwakhona ziiproteni enze imisebenzi ezizodwa kakhulu nazo ezo apho ixabiso ubukhulu becala zesakhiwo. Enkosi kubo, ukuba amandla ngoomatshini kunye nezinye iimpawu nezihlunu eziphilayo. Ezi proteni zibandakanya, ikakhulu collagen. Collagen (photo cm. Ngezantsi) e ezanyisayo malunga nekota protein abaninzi. Oku kuhlelwe iiseli eziphambili ezakha kwizicwili (ebizwa ngokuba fibroblasts).

Ekuqaleni, lo collagen kwenziwa njengoko procollagen - njengomanduleli avela unyango ikhemikhali fibroblasts. Emva koko ke yakhiwa yaba amatyathanga polypeptide ezintathu, aphothwe waziva. Baye ndawonye ngaphandle fibroblasts xa collagen fibrils of neenanometer ezilikhulu ambalwa ubukhulu. Le yokugqibela ibe kwayo collagen, leyo sele kubonakala phantsi ngemicroscope. Ancedisana elastic (kweendonga zamaphaphu, imithambo yegazi eluswini) extracellular matrix collagen ukongeza, likwaqulethe elastin protein. Kokuba kolulwa kuluhlu olubanzi ngokufanelekileyo koko kubuyela kwimo yayo yoqobo. Omnye umzekelo neprothini noshowo ukuba ukunika apha - nto silk fibroin. It uyazimela ngexesha lokusekwa imibungu nguphunguphungu moth. Yeyona licandelo iphambili intambo isilika. Ngoku chaza iiproteni motor.

motor protein

Kwaye ekuphunyezweni motor kwiinkqubo indima enkulu yebhayoloji yolo iiprothini. Ndithi ngokufutshane ngale kunye nemisebenzi yazo. Muscle nokuncipha - yinkqubo apho amandla ekhemikhali iguqulelwa ukusebenza ngoomatshini. Direct amalungu ayo ziiproteni ezimbini - myosin kunye actin. Myosin na isakhiwo engaqhelekanga kakhulu. Oku kuyilwa kwe entloko ezimbini globular nomsila (isabelo elide filamentary). Bamalunga nama-1600 NM ubude molecule omnye. On iintloko ngaloo iqhekeza olubalelwa malunga 200 NM.

Actin (eliboniswe ngasentla) - iproteni globular ukuba ubunzima beemolekyuli ka 42000. Kunokuba polymerized ukuze zenze isakhiwo elide, kwaye basebenzisane ngendlela onentloko myosin. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule nkqubo - ukuxhomekeka phambi ATP. Ukuba ingqondo yayo liphezulu ngokwaneleyo, myosin ibunjiwe actin oluntsonkothileyo ludlavulwe lwanje, Ingasekho ihlawulwe kwakhona emva kwenzeka ATP haydrolisis ngenxa myosin ATPase. Le nkqubo singabonakala, umzekelo, xa isisombululo, apho zombini iiproteni akhoyo. Iba viscous ngenxa yokuba phezulu izakhi complex ubunzima kwasekwa yokungabikho ATP. Ukongeza kunciphisa kakhulu viscosity ngenxa ekutshatyalalisweni ezintsonkothileyo wadala, emva koko ngokuthe ngcembe iqale kwakhona ngenxa ATP haydrolisis. Xa inkqubo imisipha, ezi ntsebenziswano zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

antibiotics

Siyaqhubeka ukuba aveze nesihloko "Indima begazi weeproteni emzimbeni." iqela elikhulu kakhulu kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu iikhompawundi yemvelo izinto ekuthiwa antibiotics. Bona imvelaphi ngeentsholongwane. Ezi izinto abelwe iintlobo ezikhethekileyo ezincinane. Indima yebhayoloji yolo acid kunye neeproteni kuyinyaniso emsulwa, kodwa elwa i, umsebenzi okhethekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu. Bona zinqanda ukukhula ezincinane olukhuphisana kunye nabo. Ngo 1940, ukufunyanwa nokusetyenziswa ntsholongwane iye yaguqula unyango lwezifo ezosulelayo esibangelwa yintsholongwane. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi le ntsholongwane intsholongwane musani ukukha nenze, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwazo namachiza antiviral yi nokungaphumeleli kwawo.

imizekelo antibiotics

iqela penicillin kuqala kusebenzise. Imizekelo yalo qela ampicillin kunye benzylpenicillin. Antibiotics kwi indlela amanyathelo kunye imichiza ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye lawo zisetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje, kusebenzisana ribosomes zabantu, ngoxa ribosomes iintsholongwane elinganeno protein yokuqaphela. Ngelo xesha linye musa ukusebenzisana kunye ribosomes eukaryotic. Ngoko ke, ngokuba iiseli iintsholongwane ukuba iyingozi, kunye nezilwanyana kunye zinetyhefu esezantsi yabantu. antibiotics zibala streptomycin kunye chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol).

Indima yezinto eziphilayo protein amagama ibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa inkqubo kukodwa izigaba ezininzi. Siza kuthetha ngayo kuphela ngokubanzi.

Le nkqubo kunye nendima yezinto eziphilayo protein biosynthesis

Le nkqubo a multistage, enzima kakhulu. Oku kwenzeka kwi ribosomes - organelles ezithile. Endlwaneni kukho iseti ribosomes. E E. coli, umzekelo, kukho malunga nama-20 amawaka.

"Chaza inkqubo protein biosynthesis kunye nendima eziphilayo" - uninzi kuthi umsebenzi ufumana esikolweni. Kwaye oko kwabangela iingxaki ezininzi. Kulungile, masifumanise kunye.

iimolekyuli protein zingamakhamandela polypeptide. Ziqulethe, njengokuba sele uyazi, ukususela asidi ngamnye acid. Nangona kunjalo, le yokugqibela azenzi ngokwaneleyo. Ukuze ukudibanisa kwaye enze zinemoletyhule protein, zifuna ukwenza kusebenze. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa enqanda ezithile. acid nganye acid kule imeko luye enzyme yayo, ubukele ngqo kanye kuyo. Umthombo wamandla yale nkqubo ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Le asidi acid ngenxa ukusebenza uba labile ngakumbi kwaye ibophelela phantsi yintshukumo enzyme kunye m-RNA, eli liyithweleyo nayo ribosome (ngenxa yale RNA ekuthiwa yothutho). Le ribosome, ngoko, nenze uhlobene tRNA isebenze acid. Ribosome - uhlobo okuhambisa indibano angenayo acid acid ye-chain protini.

Yolungelelwaniso kwendima leeprothini kunzima ukuba zazi, njengoko iikhompawundi kuhlelwe enze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kakhulu. Phantse zonke izakhiwo iseli luqulathe kubo.

Ngoko ke, siye ezichazwe ngokubanzi, inkqubo protein biosynthesis kunye nendima eziphilayo. Oku uqukumbela nolwazi njengeprotini. Siyathemba ukuba ufuna ukuqhubeka kuyo.