Umyalelo of reference ixesha elide. Ixesha base

Ukutyhubela phantse imbali lonke yoluntu zesayensi abemi kunye neengcamango bazama ukwenza intsingiselo ixesha. Noko ke, wahlala simanga bengakuqondanga de kube sekupheleni. Kwaye abantu, kunokuba ukuqonda indalo yayo, uye wafunda ubuncinane ukubala. Ingaba uye emva, apho ukhombe esiqhutywa njani kwaye yintoni ukuze? Makhe sifunde ngakumbi ngayo.

Liliphi ixesha

Phambi kokuba bajongane nenkalo ye temporality, kuyimfuneko ukuhlaziya ulwazi lwabo malunga nale mbono. Ixesha Nomlinganiso ngexesha ubukho zonke izinto nezidalwa kwindalo iphela ukususela kwixesha imbonakalo yazo phambi ukunyamalala. Enyanisweni, lo mbono luhlobo ngummakishi ukumisela iziganeko.

Physics classical, kukho loo concept njenge "esqwini xesha". Kuyo, le nto kubonwa nje ilayini ethe-liyajikeleza, ukusuka mandulo nge langoku ukuya kwixesha elizayo.

Oku kucingwa ukuba ingcamango "ixesha" yavela ngexesha ngokuzalwa iphela, ngenxa yokuba i-Big Bang. Ukubuphikisa uqinisekise le ngqikelelo akukabikho kunokwenzeka.

iimpawu ixesha

Njengaye nawuphi na ubukhulu, oku iimpawu ezizodwa:

• Lowo-dimensionality.
• Ntuthuko. Ngamanye amazwi, ixesha ayikho nje ihamba kumgca othe ngqo, kodwa ke kuphela kwicala elinye (ukusuka ngaphambili ukuya elizayo). Ukuba uthatha iingongoma ezimbini ngokungenasizathu esqwini zezomzuzwana, omnye qiniseka ukuba isizalwane elizayo ukuya kwelinye. Kwaye, yena, uya kuba ngabokuqala wokugqibela.
• Ngendlela efanayo. Yeyona ukulingana mzuzu zonke. Ekuthiwa-ulangazelelo lokuqala ixesha - oku nje indibano. Ngenxa yokuba zonke iziganeko ungakwazi ukuqala calculus entsha temporal.
• Ngendlela esemagqabini. Ixesha ukho, nokuba yingqondo yomntu kwaye kukwamkelwa yayo yale meko. Oku kufana umthetho womxhuzulane: nangona iinkulungwane ezininzi uluntu akukho ingcamango yokuphila wayo, yena waqhubeka ukusebenza.
• Jikelele. Akunakuze kubekho nto ngaphandle kwexesha ezikhoyo.

Oko kuthiwa countdown

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba esenzeka mbuzo ngokufanayo kuyo yonke imbali yehlabathi, abantu bazama ukufumana indlela yokufunda ukubala.

Isibakala sokuba yonke impucuko kwenyeindawo elithile waphawula ubukho ukutshintsha kwamaxesha onyaka. Ngenxa liphile kwamalungu ayo lijongene kufuneka bafunde ukubala indlela ukufika lamathuba elilungileyo kwabathile ixesha, ukwenza Kwangaphambili koovimba kufa yindlala yaye kubanda. Ngaloo yavuka kwikhalenda.

Ikhalenda, iintlobo yayo nembali

Lo gama abantu ezahlukeneyo yakhangela kwabhalwa eyahlukileyo. Noko ke, intsingiselo yalo ibisoloko simanywe. Ikhalenda - olu hlobo nkqubo (order) reference ixesha elide. bonke Laqala amancinci.

Umjikelo wokuqala nokuphindaphinda ukuba wabona abantu - ukuba imini nobusuku - namhla. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye kwaqatshelwa ukuba rhoqo inyanga uhamba zonke izigaba. Kamva, abantu waphawula ukuba emva 12 amaxesha ukuthwasa ziphindwa, ukuba ubanjwa minyaka le. Ngenxa yezi ngqwalasela, oko yaqanjwa ikhalenda kwenyanga. Ngokutsho kulo nyaka ibe iintsuku 354.

Ngelishwa, umyalelo onjalo of reference lamathuba enkulu kwexesha hayi bonyaka idibana. Ngoko ke, nezizwe baye basebenzisa oko, kwafuneka ndiye namacebo ohlukeneyo ukulungisa engachananga. Ngokomzekelo, amaRoma kanye kwiminyaka 3 yinyanga extra yafakwa - martsedony.

Kwamanye amazwe mihla zisasebenzisa iikhalenda ezidalwe yi enyangeni.

Abantu laseYiputa yamandulo ukunqula uThixo Sun Ra, ngokusekelwe ikhalenda yayo nenyanga abangeni nelanga. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo, kakhulu, wawungachananga, njengoko inani leentsuku ngonyaka idlula 365. Xa ixesha (xa lizwe ke kubonelelwe phantsi kwegunya yamaGrike, amaRoma), abanini ezintsha karhulumente bazama ukuphakamisa isilungiso kwikhalenda baseYiputa solar, kodwa ukwenza oko phambi kokuphela yaye akazange athathe iingcambu.

AmaGrike waba inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokubala ixesha elide. Yayibizwa ngokuba umjikelo Metonic kwaye lathatha iminyaka eli-19. Le nkqubo, eziveliswe ngeenkwenkwezi Meton ngenkulungwane V. BC. e., intshukumo ilanga nenyanga. Nangona elintsonkothe, kwaba echanileyo kwaye okuqhubekayo ixesha layo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba abantu angamaYuda aqhubeke sebenzisa it up. Ukongeza, ngexesha Easter kunyaka ngamnye kubalwa ngokwale mgaqo.

AmaRoma, uMniki ngamaKrestu ehlabathini lonke inkqubo yayo maxesha, ekuqaleni ikhalenda nzima kakhulu eziquka iinyanga ezili-10. Noko ke, Yuliy Tsezar kwakhokelela ukuba uhlaziyo liqalise inkqubo entsha iminyaka reference. Emva kokufa komlawuli, abalandeli bakhe bebengazi kancinane malunga ikhalenda entsha, ngenxa yokuba oko sele iqokelelwe kunyaka-4 sitsibe, ngaphezu kweso sabekwa nguThixo, yaye Oktavian Avgust kwanyanzeleka ukuba ungazikhupha nge-16 iminyaka.

Emva ubuKristu baba inkolo iphambili eRoma ukusasazeka kwayo ehlabathini lonke, amazwe amaninzi aye bafudukela kwikhalenda Julian.

Yiloo nto nje wayengafezekanga, yaye kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa sukuphazamisana iminyaka sitsibe kuthethe ukuba imali ngqo bexesha phakathi kulingane (phezu kwabo njengento konyaka) oko ungqamane kwikhalenda.

Kulo mba, intloko Catholic Church, uPopu Gregory XIII ngo-1582 kunye ne-yezibalo Aloysius Liliem wadala inkqubo entsha maxesha, esetyenziswa yi lonke ihlabathi ephucukile namhlanje.

Ukubala

Inkqubo yokubala ixesha elikhulu ixesha inikeze ihlanganiswe kunye nale ngcamango, njengoko maxesha. It livela ibinzana lesiGrike elithi 'imfundiso ixesha' (ukusuka amagama 'chronos "kunye" iilogo "). Ukusuka etymology kwalo waqonda ukuba ligxininisa kule efunda ngesayensi ixesha kunye neendlela ukubala. Oku zohlulwa ngokwendidi 3:

• Astronomical. Yena kakhulu le isifundo kwisindululo imizimba yasezulwini. Ngenxa yokuba cyclicity yayo inceda ukubala ixesha ngqo ngeenkwenkwezi.
• Historical. Ngokungafaniyo edlulileyo (olujoliswe ekusekeni ngexesha ngqo), oku yayigxile isifundo kweenkqubo neekhalenda kunye nobalo lwe neempucuko ezahlukeneyo kunye namazwe. Kwakhona kuyanceda nangolunye kwimbali lwezizwana ezahlukahlukeneyo ukwazi ngqo xa Kwathi, okanye eminye imicimbi ebalulekileyo.
• Geochronology. It ukufunda ixesha zomhlaba njengoba uMhlaba amatye. Kule industry inayo isikali yayo ixesha geochronological. Imvelaphi ixesha kuwo - eli lixesha ukuyilwa iplanethi yethu, malunga 4.6 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ixesha base

Ngenxa yokuba zonke impucuko enkulu ikhalenda zayo kwaye ikhalenda, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ekuqaleni Countdown kwayo. Nangona ngexesha kusenziwa zesiganeko bomzi, kuyo yonke inkqubo benqwanqwa yakhe of reference abanyulwa loqalo lwencopho.

Le maxesha amaYiputa lwenziwe ukususela ekuqaleni kobukumkani uFaro elandelayo, okanye yonke yaka. Yombuso waseRoma sokuqala loqalo lwencopho yaba komhla base waseRoma. Kweli hlabathi siphila kulo uninzi lweenkqubo lwamaxesha zisekelwe phezu kwezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zonqulo. Umzekelo, UbuKrestu umhla eliqikelelwayo kokuzalwa kukaKrestu, amaSilamsi - nokutshintshwa umprofeti Muhammad ukusuka eMecca ukuya Medina, i amaBhuda - ngexesha ukufa Buddha, yaye ke amaYuda - kwixesha kokusekwa kwehlabathi (ngokoluvo lwabo).

Ubuncinane ngamathuba ixesha yekhalenda: namhla, veki, ngenyanga

Kokuba kusetyenzwe kuqalwa lokuqala maxesha, nto kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iiyunithi zibalulekileyo, ezisetyenziswa yi bonke bephela.

Imali Ubuncinane bexesha kusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkqubo kwekhalenda reference - ngobu busuku (imini nobusuku sihlala iiyure ezingama-24). Phantsi le ngcamango ithetha ixesha revolution olupheleleyo Umhlaba ngeenxa axis yayo.

Kwixesha elizayo, ngokusekelwe yunithi wambumba evekini. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, zihlala iintsuku ezisi-7. Noko ke, ngaphambili kwaba njalo. Umzekelo, kukho Slavic kunelixesha lokuphumla ntsuku 9, kwaye ngexesha USSR - 5, kwaye maxa wambi iintsuku ezi-6.

Le veki amaYiputa amandulo yayiquka iintsuku ezili-10, yaye Maya - out of 13 (ngamanye amaxesha 20).

Okulandelayo ukuze yokunyusa inyanga. Ekuqaleni, kwaba ixesha zeNyanga revolution epheleleyo ijikeleza uMhlaba. Namhlanje, nakuba kunjalo, oko akuthethi ukuba, ubuncinane kwi-Julian kanye nekhalenda Gregorian.

Yesine lonyaka

Iinyanga kuphele ngamaxesha kunye neekota. ixesha ngalinye (he ngexesha elifanayo kunyaka) ibandakanya iinyanga ezi-3 zekhalenda. A abangama-4: ubusika, intlakohlaza, ehlotyeni nasekwindla. Quarter liquka iinyanga ezi-3, kodwa akabalwa yi amaxesha onyaka, kwaye ngokungqongqo le khalenda. Le yunithi eyabelwe oko kulula ukwenza ngaphandle amaxwebhu ingxelo.

Unyaka ezahlukeneyo

Iinyanga, imibele namaxesha benza ngonyaka. Eli xesha lokuqala elide, ngexesha apho Umhlaba wenza utshintsho mpela malunga ilanga. It iqulathe kweenyanga ezili-12, amaxesha onyaka-4 okanye yokuhlala.

ngonyaka zamaKristu Traditional iqulathe iintsuku ezingama-365, kodwa yonke 4 lowo ngumnyaka omnqakathi, yaye apho iintsuku 366. Njengoko iqulathe iintsuku 355, amaYuda kunye iikhalenda Islamic.

Wena ke asingekhe silibale ngayo ingqiqo njengoko kunyaka wezifundo hlobo. Oku ixesha leenyanga 9, apho izifundo ezifundiswayo ezikolweni.

Century, nkulungwane kunye megagod gigagod

iminyaka eli-100 form ubudala okanye leminyaka. Le yenye maxesha kakhulu ixesha ngokunxulumene umntu, ukusukela nje ezimbalwa banako ukuphila kakhulu.

I-Millennium yenziwa yiminyaka 1000 okanye kwiinkulungwane-10.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukufumana phandle igama ixesha olukhulu ubalo isalamane. It gigagod, nto yenziwa yiminyaka billion omnye. Ukongeza, iyunithi esiphakathi yabelwa - megagod (iminyaka million 1).

lisusiwe Megagod kunye gigagod-maxesha zembali, njengoko okwangoku akukho bungqina bokuba ubomi ezikrelekrele kula maxesha. Noko ke, ibalulekile geochronology.