Yintoni glucose? Ukufumana glucose kunye neempawu zayo

Glucose ulwimi lesiGrike elithetha "elimnandi". Kwindalo, kukuninzi oko ifumaneka ayo zeziqhamo kunye namaqunube, kubandakanywa incindi yomdiliya, yaye kutheni eyaziwa ngokuba "iswekile iwayini".

History of izovela

Iswekile lavulwa ekuqaleni XIX kwinkulungwane IsiNgesi gqirha, wayengusokhemisti sobulumko uWilliam Prout. Luphawu yaziwe into efunyenwe emva ngo-1819 ngu Henri Brakkono walirhola evela esisesweni.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Iswekile kwenzelwa crystalline nomgubo incasa enemibala amnandi. Kuyinto lula enyibilikayo emanzini, sulphuric acid kanzulu, izinc chloride kunye reagent Schweitzer kaThixo.

isakhiwo molecule

Njengabo bonke monosaccharides, iswekile yikhompawundi heterofunctional (in zinemoletyhule ezi hydroxyl ngakumbi yaye iqela elinye carboxyl). Kwimeko qela carboxyl glucose is aldehyde.

I-jikelele C6H12O6 Ifomula iswekile. Iimolekyuli osisiqu abe isakhiwo elibujikele kunye isomers ezimbini lwesithuba kweefom alpha beta. Kwifomu karhulumente okuqinileyo ibe alpha phantse 100%. Xa isisombululo, ifomu Beta uzinze (kuthatha malunga-60%). Iswekile na imveliso ekupheleni kweli haydrolisis kunye disaccharides poly-, ngamanye ukulungiswa glucose lwenzeka inani kakhulu lamatyala anikwe endleleni.

into Getting

Indalo glucose abunjwe kwizityalo ngenxa photosynthesis. Qwalasela iindlela zoshishino kunye zaselaborathri ukuvelisa iswekile. Elabhoratri, iziyobisi sisiphumo aldol amafu. Kushishino, indlela eqhelekileyo kukuvelisa iswekile evela istatshi.

Starch - a polysaccharide, ezo molekyuli monochasti kunye iswekile. Oko kukuthi, ukuba afumane oko kuyimfuneko ukuze ukubola lo polysaccharide kwi monochasti. Njani le nkqubo?

Ukulungiswa starch glucose iqala nesibakala sokuba otashi ibekwe sikhongozeli samanzi siwagxobhagxobhe (milk starch). Enye container ngamanzi bazisa ithumba. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amanzi abilayo kufuneka ibe izihlandlo ezimbini ngaphezu ubisi istatshi. Ukuze ufumane indlela glucose yaqhutywa kude kube sekupheleni, kukukhokela efunekayo. Kule meko isebenza zehydrochloric okanye asidi sulphuric. Isixa-mali ibalwa idityaniswe kwitanki lamanzi abilayo. Ke kancinane wathulula ubisi istatshi. Kule nkqubo, kubalulekile ukufumana paste, ukuba zonke efanayo lenzeka, kufuneka aqhubeke ebila de Ukunyamalala kwayo ngokupheleleyo. Kwi-avareji, zokupheka ithatha isiqingatha seyure. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba otashi hydrolyzed ngokupheleleyo, oko kuyimfuneko ukuqhuba impendulo qualitative. Kwisampulu ekhethiweyo lifakiwe iodine. Ukuba ulwelo luba umbala oluhlaza, ngoko haydrolisis ayikho igqityiwe, yaye ukuba iba omdaka okanye obomvu-mdaka, ngoko istatshi isisombululo asisekho. Kodwa lo Isisombululo nje kuphela iswekile, oko ekufumaneni kunye kuvala, kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba i-asidi olwenzekayo. Indlela ukususa acid? Impendulo ilula: ngoncedo yokungenelela ngetshokhwe nyulu kunye porcelain ithungwe crumbled.

Neutralization wahlola test litmus. Ngaphezu koko akukho ngococo isisombululo ngenxa. Yinto encinane: engamanzi ezingenambala ngenxa kufuneka ngumphunga. Le ziikristale kwakhiwa kwaye japan lethu lokugqibela. Ngoku cinga ekufumaneni iswekile evela wesitatshi (reaction).

Yamachiza inkqubo

Le equation sisisiwa ukufumana iswekile yegazi eliphakathi - maltose. Maltose - disaccharide ezibandakanya iimolekyuli ezimbini glucose. Ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iindlela zokuvelisa glucose ukusuka ngestatshi maltose ezifanayo. Oko kukuthi, sinako unikeze inxaki zilandelayo ebudeni basabela njani.

Ekupheleni kufuneka siyibeka iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze bafumane iswekile evela Istatshi yimpumelelo.

ngumba

• yoguquko (zehydrochloric acid okanye sulphuric acid);
• lobushushu (degrees hayi ngaphantsi kwe-100);
• uxinzelelo (ngokwaneleyo womoya, kodwa umfutho ibalekisa).

Le ndlela yeyona ilula, kunye isivuno eliphezulu kwimveliso yokugqibela nokuselwa amandla sakugcina. Kodwa asinguye kuphela. Ukulungiselela glucose na neselulosi efanayo.

Ukulungiswa kwincindi

Kakuhle eli nkqubo phantse ngokupheleleyo ekwafanekisa basabela elidlulileyo.

Ibonisa ukulungiselelwa glucose (formula) of kwincindi. Enyanisweni, inkqubo kakhulu entsonkothileyo namandla-kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo imveliso awasabela ngayo, na inkunkuma evela kwishishini zinkuni, lityunyuzwe iqhezu ogama lobungakanani 1.1 yamasuntswana - 1,6 mm. Le mveliso iphathwa kuqala nge-acetic acid, ngoko iperoksayidi yehidrojeni, koko sulphuric acid kubushushu na izinyuko ngaphantsi kwama-110, kunye nomlinganiselo utywala 5. ngethuba lokuqhuba kwale nkqubo iiyure 3-5. Emva koko, iiyure ezimbini ubabonisa haydrolisis kunye sulphuric acid bushushu kunye nomlinganiselo yotywala 4-5. Emva koko bungxengwe ngamanzi kunye inversion iiyure malunga enye enesiqingatha.

Iindlela ngenxa yokuzimisela ubungakanani

Ekubeni ingqalelo zonke iindlela zokuhamba glucose kufuneka uhlole iindlela of quantification. Kukho amaxesha xa inkqubo kufuneka basebenze kuphela isisombululo equlathe iswekile, ngamanye ulwelo inkqubo komphunga ukufumana ziikristale - ononyawo. Umbuzo ke uba ukumisela indlela oko ingqalelo le kweziyobisi isisombululo. Imali efunyenwe glucose kwi isisombululo ixhomekeke spectrophotometric, polarimetric kunye neendlela chromatographic. Kukho indlela ukuzimisela kakhulu ngqo - enzyme (via glucosidase enzyme). Kule meko count sele iimveliso yesenzo yale enzyme.

Ukusebenzisa glucose

Xa amayeza, sebenzisa ukunxila okanye iswekile (oku isenokuba ityhefu ukutya okanye imisebenzi usuleleko). Kulo mzekelo, umxube glucose ephathwa yegazi nge dropper. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikhemesti glucose is a antioxidant iphela. Kwakhona akukho indima encinane lo mgubo udlala kukufunyanwa isifo seswekile sinwenwa. Apha glucose izenzo njengovavanyo ntshikilelo.

Kumashishini ukutya kunye ukupheka glucose ithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka ibe ukuchonga indima glucose kwi newayini, ibhiya kunye ne moonshining. Libhekisela indlela njengokufumana ethanol ibila glucose. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha kule nkqubo.

ukufumana utshwala

Ithekhnoloji ngokwenza utshwala amanyathelo ezimbini: yokubola ulwelo. Ibile, ke, esebenzisa iintsholongwane. I-biotechnology kudala yabola inkcubeko ezincinane ezikuvumela ukuba ufumane isivuno utywala ubuninzi ngexesha iphantsi sadlula. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla etafileni Igwele eqhelekileyo zingasetyenziswa njenge umncedisi reaction.

Kuqala kwinto zonke, glucose bungxengwe ngamanzi. Kwenye inqanawa yabola iintsholongwane ezisetyenzisiweyo. Okulandelayo, ulwelo ndiwazuze yabavuselelayo, yazanyazanyiswa zifakwe kwisingxobo kunye kumbhobho umzi werhasi. Le tube elidityaniswe omnye (U-ezimile). Embindini ityhubhu yesibini uzele ngamanzi ikalika. Isiphelo ityhubhu ivaliwe ngesiciko rubber ngentonga yeglasi umngxuma ukuba ekupheleni azotywe.

Le umgqomo ibekwe thermostat kubushushu degrees 25-27 iintsuku ezine. Ityhubhu turbidity iya yabonakala amanzi ikalika, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba usabele ngayo icarbon dioxide. Xa carbon dioxide liyayeka ukuba ume ngaphandle, igwele libe nokuthathelwa ingqalelo njengoko zigqityiwe. Oku kulandelwa linyathelo ulwelo. Elebhu ezisetyenziselwa ulwelo lwe reflux utywala - udlula amanzi abandayo, ngokwenjenjalo okupholisa irhasi ibunjiwe ukudlulisela kwakhona izixhobo fluid apho phezu udonga olungaphandle.

Kweli nqanaba kulwelo leyo amandla ethu ukuba shushu ukuya degrees 85-90. Ngaloo ndlela uya umphunga utywala, amanzi zingahlanganiselwanga ukuba ithumba.

Indlela zokufumana utywala

Cinga ukufumana utywala ukusuka glucose kwi equation reaction: C6H12O6 + 2CO2 = 2S2N5ON.

Ngoko ke, ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukuba indlela yokulima ethanol ukusuka glucose ilula. Ngaphezu koko, iyaziwa eluntwini kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, wamngenisa phantse bafezeke.

Ixabiso glucose ebomini bomntu

Ngoko ke, ukuba ukuqonda ethile le nto, iimpawu zayo emzimbeni amachiza, esetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini, sinokugqiba ukuba le glucose. Ukufumana iphuma polysaccharides, sele sinika ukuqonda ukuba, njengokuba eli candelo engundoqo zonke iiswekile glucose, yinto ebalulekileyo lwamandla abantu. Ngenxa yoko, ukutya na into eyenziwa adenosine triphosphate, nto leyo iguqulelwa iyunithi amandla.

Kodwa asingabo bonke glucose okungena emzimbeni womntu kwi amandla wemvula. Xa uvuka umntu kwenza ekhulwini 50 kuphela onesiphumo iswekile ibe ATP. Abanye iguqulelwa glycogen kwaye oluhlala esibindini. Glycogen itshatyalaliswa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngaloo ndlela elawula amaqondo eswekile yegazi. Nangokobungakanani, umxholo weli emzimbeni - a Isalathisi ngqo impilo yawo. Ngomhla isixa iswekile egazini kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni hormone kuzo zonke iinkqubo. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo iziyobisi kunokukhokelela kwintlekele.

Iswekile ke uqala elula neqondakalayo yonke into. Nditsho ngokoMthetho imichiza iimolekyuli alo isakhiwo elula, kunye neempawu imichiza ezicacileyo kunye eziqhelekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, iswekile kubaluleke kakhulu kokubini ukwenzela ngamnye kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bakhe.