Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov: i-biography, imisebenzi yenzululwazi kunye noluntu, amabhaso kunye namabhaso. I-Nobel Prize kwiFizikiki (2010)

I-physicistist yaseRussia eyaziwayo eyafumana ubukumkani baseBrithani kunye nesihloko esithintekayo, ilungu leRoyal Society yaseLondon, i-Nobel leureate kwi-physics. Ngubani na? Novoselov Konstantin Sergeevich!

Biography

Usosayensi owaziwayo wazalwa kwisixeko saseNizhny Tagil, eSverdlovsk Region, ngo-Agasti 23, 1974, kwintsapho yenjini kunye nootitshala ngesiNgesi esikolweni No. 39, owayengumsekeli kunye nomlawuli wakhe waba ngumkhulu wakhe uViktor Konstantinovich Novosyolov.

Ukuba ebangeni lesithandathu, uKonstantin ufumanisa ubuchule obugqwesileyo kwaye uthatha indawo yokuqala kwindawo ye-Olympiad kwi-physics, kwaye kamva kamva, kwi-All-Union Olympiad, uphinda uphumelele ngokungena ezilishumi eziphezulu. Ngomnyaka we-1991 waphumelela kwiNkcukacha yoLuntu kunye neCandelo lobuChwepheshe kunye naloo nyaka waba ngumfundi we-Institute of Physics neThekhnoloji yaseMoscow. Uhlola i-nanotechnology kwi-Faculty ye-Physics kunye ne-Quantum Electronics, kunye nabaphumeleleyo abaneembeko ezivela kwiziko, emva koko afunyanwa kwi-IPTM RAS (I-Institute of Microelectronics Technology Problems ye-Academy of Sciences yaseRussia) eChernogolovka. Wayephothula apho ekhompyutheni kwiklasi phantsi kobunkokheli buka-Yuri Dubrovsky.

Kwamanye amazwe

Ngo-1999, uKonstantin Sergeevich Novoselov, i-physicist eyaziwa kakuhle, wathuthela eNetherlands. Kulapho, eYunivesithi yaseNijmegen, usebenza kunye noAndrei Geim. Ukususela ngo-2001, izazinzulu ziye zasebenza kunye kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester. Ngo-2004 wathola i-Ph.D. (intloko kaJan-Kees Maan).

Okwangoku, uKonstantin Sergeevich Novoselov ungumfundisi kwiRoyal Society kunye noprofesa we-physics kunye nemathematika eYunivesithi yaseManchester kwaye unobumi bobabini (uRashiya ne-United Kingdom). Ngoku uhlala eManchester.

Uphando

Yintoni eyaziwayo uKonstantin Sergeevich Novoselov? Ngokutsho kweofisi yokuhlalutya uThomson Reuters, i-physicist yaseRashiya-yaseBrithani enye yezinzululwazi ezikhankanywe rhoqo. Kuphuma kwipeni lakhe kwaphuma amanqaku angama-190 esayensi. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwakhe olubalulekileyo luyilo, i-graphene. Abantu abaninzi baye bakuva eli lizwi, elivakalayo lilula kwaye liqhelekile. I-teknoloji yenzeni i-laconic kwaye ihle kakhulu, njengabo bonke abanengqondo. Uphando olongezelelweyo lwe- graphene kunye nesicelo salo lingazisa ubuntu kwixesha leendlela ezihamba ngokukhawuleza kunye nezomnxeba kunye nezixhobo zeekhomputha, iimoto zombane kunye neendlela ezizinzileyo, kodwa ezilula kakhulu.

Awards

Xa uKonstantin Sergeyevich Novoselov eqala ukusebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester, umphathi wakhe wayengumfundi ophezulu waseRussia, uAndrei Geim. Ngelo xesha, wayesele eqhuba uphando kulolu hlobo kwaye wakwazi ukuvelisa indlela yokunamathela kwi-gecko, kwaye kwisiseko sawo yakha i-tape ene-sticky, ekugqibeleni i-physicists basebenzisana ne-graphene. Ngaphambi koko, umfundi othile waseTshayina wayemncedisa uHeim, kodwa, ngokutsho kwe-physicist ngokwakhe, umsebenzi waqala ukuqhubeka kuphela emva kokuba uNowavoselov Konstantin Sergeevich athathe umsebenzi. Umvuzo weNobel wanikezelwa kubo ngo-Oktobha 2010. I-Novoselov ngoku iyaziwa njengeyona ncinane kunazo zonke zeNobel kwi-physics (kwiminyaka engama-37 edlulileyo), ngaphezu koko, ngeli xesha nje yintsimi yesayensi phakathi kwabaphumelele kwiNobel Prize owazalwa emva kowe-1970.

Ngomnyaka ofanayo ka-2010, uNowavoselov wathola isihloko somlawuli weNkundla ye-Netherlands Lion ngenxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwisayensi yaseNetherlands, kwaye emva koko, ngo-2011, ummiselo weNdlunkulu uElizabeth Elizabeth uzenza ube ngumkhonto-sele uyayifaka isandla sakhe kwisayensi yaseBrithani. Umkhosi osisigxina wokubambisana wabanjwa kamva, entwasahlobo ka-2012, njengoko kulindeleke, kwi-Palace yaseBuckingham. Wayekhokelwa yintombi yakhe, uKumkanikazi, iNkosana uAna.

Ndimele ndithi uConstantin Novoselov, onobuninzi bezinto zesayensi kunye noluntu, ufumene elinye ibhaso elidumileyo lokuphanda i-graphene, ukuba abe ngumqhubi wezabelo ze-Eurofizika ngo-2008. Inikezelwa yonke iminyaka emibini, ama-Nobel awayewubhadlayo phakathi kwamabhaso ayo ayeshumi elinesithathu kuphela. Ibhonasi ngumvuzo wemali kunye nesatifikethi esifanelekileyo. Kwakhona wamkela i-Award ye-Kurti, kodwa kungekhona i-graphene, kodwa uluhlu lweempumelelo ekusebenzeni kunye nenqanaba lokushisa okuphantsi kunye namaginethi.

Malunga nosapho kunye nobomi

UKonstantin Novoselov uyonwabile ngomtshato nomkakhe u-Irina. Nangona kunjalo iRashiya, izazinzulu ziye zahlangana nakwamanye amazwe, e-Netherlands. U-Irina uvela eVologda, uqhuba uphando kwintsimi ye-microbiology, i- Ph.D. (ikhusele intsingiselo yakhe eSt. Petersburg). Esi sibini sinamadodakazi amabini, amawele ka-Sophia noVika azalwa ngo-2009.

UConstantin Sergeyevich, ngamazwi akhe, akayena uyise oye wahlala kwibhubhoratri iiveki, eqaqa umntwana ebantwaneni bakhe. Ukuze aqoke i-transistor encinci yehlabathi kwaye afundise intombi ukuba ibingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe - into emi ngomqolo omnye. Uthi: "Akukho mntu wakwenza oku phambi kwakho.

Ngako oko, abazali bakhe abazange bazame ukunqanda unyana wakhe kwiminqweno. Babesoloko beqinisekile ukuba unyana wabo unesipho, kwaye, njengoko u-physicist ngokwakhe athi, abazange bamangaliswe xa efumana iNew Prize.

Kwi-intanethi yecandelo leMagazini ye-Esquire, wavuma ukuba amaphupha okufunda ukudlala ipiyano. Kodwa uqeqeshiwe, nangona kunjalo, ngokwamkelwa kwakhe, iziphumo ngoku zide ziphakathi.

Malunga ne-USSR

UConstantin Sergeevich wazalelwa e-USSR waza wafumana imfundo ebalulekileyo. Yena ngokwakhe uyavuma ukuba olo lwazi olunzulu lumbalwa apho ungafumana khona. Kodwa akazimisele ukubuyela eRashiya. Mhlawumbi, ngenxa yolu hlobo abanye abatyeli beendaba bayamgxeka ngokungabikho kobuzwe. Kulo, inzululwazi iyaphendula ukuba ayikho ngemali, kunjalo nje eBrithani kulula ukusebenza, kuba akukho mntu uphazamisayo kwimicimbi yakho.

I-Novoselov ibhekisela ebomini ngokulula, ayigxininisi kwiintsilelo-le ngenye yemithetho yakhe eyintloko. Ukuba kukho ubunzima ekusebenzelaneni nabantu, uzama ukungenisekanga, kodwa, ukuba akunakwenzeka, ushiya igama lokugqibela ngomnye umntu. I-physicist eyaziwayo eneengxaki ezininzi zobomi, umzekelo, uya kukulungele ukuchitha nayiphi na imali ukuze ufumane ixesha lokukhulula.

Kodwa akahlukanisi ubomi bakhe emsebenzini kwaye aphumle, mhlawumbi oku kubalulekileyo kwintsebenzo yenzululwazi. Ekhaya ucinga ngefizikiki, kodwa emsebenzini - nje ukuphumla umphefumlo wakhe.

Yintoni i-graphene

Nangona kunjalo, zonke iimpumelelo kwi-physics, umsebenzi ophezulu kaNovoselov wawungowokuqala kwaye ungumgca. Esi sakhiwo, esiqale sitholakala kwiimeko zebhubhoratri ngabantu bethu basekhaya, liyi "gridi" ebini-bini yeeathom e-carbon i-atom enye. USam Novoselov uxela ukuba iteknoloji ayinzima kwaye nabani na onokudala i-graphene, malunga neendlela eziphuculweyo. Uthi kwanele ukuthenga i-graphite enhle, nangona ungasebenzisa iipensele, kwaye uchithe ncinane kwi-substrates ye-silicon kunye ne-scotch tape. Yonke into, isethi yokudala i-graphene ilungile! Ngaloo ndlela, loo nto ayiyi kuba yipropati enkulu kakhulu, iNovoselov kunye neGeim bayinikela ngokwenene kwihlabathi lonke.

Proper Properties

Kwakhona i-physicist iyamangalisa ngempahla yecomputer yeli bakala. Ngokutsho kwakhe, i-graphene ingasetyenziselwa kubaguquleli, abazama ukuyenza ngoku kwiinkampani ezithile, ukutshintsha iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo kumadivayisi eselula.

NgokweNovalov, i-graphene iya kuguqula iteknoloji. Ingxenye ebalulekileyo yefilimu yefantasy yinto engabonakaliyo yezinto eziphathekayo, ezicacileyo, ezifihlakeleyo, ezingabambanga kunye nokusebenza okukhulu. Ukuba i-graphene ingena endaweni ye-silicon engapheliyo, iteknoloji esuka kwi-cinema iya kubonakala ebomini.

Yintoni enye ephawulekayo malunga noPhando lukaNovoselov noGeim? Inyaniso yokuba baphantse ngokukhawuleza basuka kwii-laboratories baya kubathumeli, kwaye nangaphezulu - babenceda kakhulu kwiminyaka yokuqala.

Ubugcisa bekamva

Kuphi i-graphene esetyenziswa ngoku? Kubonakala ngathi izinto ezivulekileyo zivulekile ngokusasazeka ngokubanzi, kwaye inxalenye yenzani njalo. Phantse zonke izinto eziqhubekayo zizama ukujonga uluntu kwaye zingakhange zikhishwe kwimveliso emininzi. Nangona kunjalo, eli nqaku lisetyenziswe ngokoqobo kuwo onke amacandelo, okuthi, mhlawumbi, kunokuthiwa yinyani "imfiva ye-graphene".

I-Graphene ngokwayo, naphezu kobunzima bayo obukhulu kunye nokukhanya okupheleleyo ngokubanzi (ithabatha u-2% wokukhanya okudlulisiweyo, ngokufanayo ngokufana nefestile yefestile eqhelekileyo), loo nto ifumaneka kakhulu. Uphando olutshanje olwenziwa ngabososayensi baseMelika lubonise ukuba i-graphene idibanisa ngokupheleleyo ngeplastiki. Oku ngenxa yoko kunika into enamandla kakhulu engasetyenziselwa kuzo zonke iindawo, kwifenitshala kunye nokuveliswa kweefowuni zefowuni kwiinjini zobunjineli.

Ukususela kwi-graphene, iiprototypes ze-accumulators zamagesi kagesi sele zenziwe. Ziquka amandla aphezulu kunye namaxesha atshwayo okuhlawula. Mhlawumbi yile ndlela ingxaki ngeemoto zombane ziza kusombululwa, kwaye izithuthi ziza kuba zincinci kwaye zinobuhlobo bendalo.

I-Graphene isetyenziswe ekuphuhlisweni kweepaneli zokuchukumisa ezintsha zeefowuni. Ukuba iinkolelo zakudala zikwazi ukusebenza kuphela kwi-flat surface, ke u-graphene ukusilela kunyanzelekile, kuba kunokuthi ulungele njengoko uthanda. Ukongezelela, ukuqhuba umbane ophezulu kuza kwenza impendulo ibe yincinci.

Kwi-aviation

Iikhonkco zeemfono kunye neenqwelo zomoya ezenziwe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwegraphene ziya kuba zihlandlo eziliqela, eziza kunciphisa kakhulu indleko zepetroli. Iindwendwe ziya kuba ziphantsi kakhulu kangangokuthi wonke umntu unokukwazi ukuhamba ngaphesheya kwehlabathi. Kodwa, ngaphezu kwendlela yokuthutha abagibeli, oku kuya kuthintela, ngokuqinisekileyo, kunye nempahla. Ukunikezelwa kweendawo ezikude zeplanethi kuya kuba ngcono, oku kuthetha ukuba abantu abaninzi baya kuhlala baze basebenze apho.