I-bacterium nitrifying. Ukubaluleka kokuphazamisa iibhaktheriya

Ngokutsho kohlobo lokutya, zonke izinto eziphilayo eziphilayo zihlukaniswe zibe ziintlobo ezimbini ezinkulu: i-hetero- ne-autotrophs. Isici esahlukileyo saloo mva kukukwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo izinto ezintsha kwi-carbon dioxide kunye nezinye izinto ezingekhoyo.

Imithombo yamandla exhasa umsebenzi wawo obalulekileyo, yenza ukuba ukwahlula kwabo kube yi-photo-fluotrophs (umthombo-ukukhanya) kunye ne-chemoautotrophs (izinto ezisuka kwimithombo yamaminerali). Yaye, ngokuxhomekeke kwigama le-substrate, e-oxidizes chemoauthortopaths, ihlukaniswe ibe yi-hydrogen ne-nitrifying bacteria, kunye ne-sulfur kunye ne-bacteria yesinyithi.

Eli nqaku liya kunikwa kwiqela eliqhelekileyo-i-nitrosating bacteria.

Imbali yokufumanisa

Ephakathi kwe-19 leminyaka, izazinzulu zaseJamani zibonakalise ukuba inkqubo ye-nitrification yendalo. Ukuhlolisisa, babonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-chloroform kumanzi okuthuthwa kwamanzi kugxininise i-oxidation ye-ammonia. Kodwa abazange bakwazi ukuchaza ukuba kutheni oku kwenzekayo.

Oku kwafezwa iminyaka emininzi emva kwesazinzulu saseRussia uVinogradsky. Wakhetha amaqela amabhakteria amabini, athatha inxaxheba kwindlela yokwenza i-nitrification. Ngaloo ndlela, elinye iqela liqinisekisile i-oxidation ye-ammonium kwi- asidi ye-nitrogen, kwaye iqela lesibini leebhaktheriya lalijongene nokuguqulwa kwe-nitric acid . Zonke iibhaktheriya ezithintekayo ezibandakanyeka kule nkqubo zigram-negative.

Iimpawu zenkqubo ye-oxidation

Inkqubo yokubunjwa kwe-nitrite nge-oxidation ye-ammonium inezigaba eziliqela, ngexesha apho iifom e-nitrogen eziqulethwe ngee-degrees ezahlukeneyo ze-oxidation zeqela le-NH zenziwe.

Imveliso yokuqala ye-ammonium oxidation yi-hydroxylamine. Kungenzeka ukuba yenziwa ngenxa yokufakwa kwe-oksijini yee-molecular kwi-NH ₄ , nangona le nkqubo ingaphendulwanga kwaye ihlala ingqubuzana.

I-hydroxylamine engaphezulu iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrite. Ngokuqinisekileyo, le nqubo yenziwa ngokubunjwa kwe-NOH (giponitrite) kunye nenkululeko ye-nitrous oxide. Kule meko, izazinzulu ziqwalasela ukuveliswa kwe- nitrous oxide nje ngomkhiqizo we-synthesis, ngenxa yokunciphisa i-nitrite.

Ukongezelela kwimveliso yamacandelo eekhemikhali, ngexesha lokutshatyalaliswa kwemali ikhululekile. Kuyafana nento eyenzekayo kwizinto eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic aerobic, kule meko ukuhlanganiswa kwee-molecule ze-ATP kuhambelana neenkqubo zokunciphisa i-oxidation, ngenxa yokokuba iifowuni zihanjiswa kwi-oksijini.

Ngethuba le-oxidation ye-nitrite, indima ebalulekileyo idlalwe yinkqubo yokuthutha i-electron yokuthutha. Ukufakwa kwamathethoni akhe kwi-chain ehamba ngokuthe ngqo kwii-cytochromes (uhlobo lwe-C kunye / okanye uhlobo lwe-A), kwaye oku kufuna inkcitho enkulu yamandla. Ngenxa yoko, iibhakteria ze-chemoautotrophic nitrifying zinikezelwa ngokugcwele ngamandla okugcina amandla, asetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokwakha kunye nokwenza i-carbon dioxide.

Iintlobo zee-bacterium ezithambisa

Kwisigaba sokuqala se-nitrification, iintlobo ezine ze-nitrobacteria zenza inxaxheba:

• Nitrosomonas;
• Nitrocystis;
• Nitrosolus;
• Nitrospira.

Ngendlela, kumfanekiso ohlongozwayo unokubona ibhakteria enefuthe (isithombe phantsi kwe-microscope).

Indlela yokuhlola phakathi kwabo kunzima, kwaye kaninzi akunakwenzeka ukuba ungabikho enye yezityalo, ngoko ke ingqalelo yabo inzima. Zonke ezi zixhobo ezincinci zikhulu ukuya kuma-2-2.5 microns kwaye zihlala zijikeleza kakhulu (ngaphandle kweitrospires, ezibonakala ngathi intonga). Ziyakwazi ukwahlula ibhinqa kwaye zihamba ngokuhambela phambili ngenxa yeflagella.

Isigaba sesibini se-nitrification siquka:

• Genus Nitrobacter;
• Genus nitrosoin;
• Nitrococus.

Ubuncwane obuthatyathwa kakhulu kwiibhakteria ze-genus Nitrubacter, ebizwa ngokuba ngu-discover, uVinogradsky. Ezi bhaktheriya ezenza i-nitrifying zinefom efana neeseyile, ziphindaphinda nge-budding, kunye nokwakhiwa kweselula (ngenxa yeflagellum) intsha yentombi.

Ulwakhiwo lweebhaktheriya

Iibhaktheriya ezenziwe nge-nitrified zifundwe zinezixhobo ezifanayo zeselula kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezincinci ze-Gram-negative. Abanye babo baneenkqubo ezaneleyo zokuveliswa kweembrane zangaphakathi ezenza i-stack phakathi kweseli, ngelixa kwezinye zifumaneka ngaphezulu kwipheripherty okanye zenze isakhiwo ngendlela yesitya esineendidi eziliqela. Kubonakala ukuba, ngaba ngama-enzyme adibeneyo afakelwayo kwinkqubo ye-oxidation ye-substrates nge-nitrifiers.

Uhlobo lokutya lwee -bacterium ezithambisa

I-nitrobacteria iyimfuneko yokubophezela i-autotrophe kuba ayinakusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezingapheliyo . Nangona kunjalo, ubuchule bezinye iintlobo zeebhaktheriya ezenza i-nitrifying ukusebenzisa ezinye iimveliso ze-organic zibonakalisiwe.

Kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-substrate eneemvubelo, i-serine kunye ne-glutamate kwiindawo eziphantsi, ikhuthaze ukukhula kwe-nitrobacteria. Oku kwenzeka kokubili phambi kwe-nitrite kwaye ekungabikho kwayo kumgangatho wesondlo, nangona inkqubo iqhubeka ngokuthe ngcembe kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo, phambi kwe-nitrite, i-oxidation ye-acetate igxothwa, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwekhabhoni kwiprotheni, iindidi zamanino kunye nezinye izixhobo zamaselula zanda kakhulu.

Njengomphumo wovavanyo oluninzi, i-data ifumaneka ukuba i-bhatteria enomthamo isenokutshintshela kwisondlo sokutya, kodwa indlela evelisayo kunye nokuba ingaba zide kangakanani kwiimeko ezinjalo ihlala ibonakala. Ngoxa i-data iphikisana ngokwaneleyo ukwenza izigqibo zokugqibela kule ngxaki.

Indawo yokuhlala kunye nokubaluleka kokuphazamisa ibhaktheriya

Iibhaktheriya ezithintekayo zikwazo i-chemoautotrophs kwaye zisasazwa ngokubanzi kwimvelo. Zifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo: kumhlaba, iindidi ezihlukeneyo kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Inkqubo yomsebenzi wabo obalulekileyo yenza igalelo elikhulu kumjikelezo jikelele we-nitrojeni kwimvelo kwaye inokwenene iya kufinyelela kakhulu.

Ngokomzekelo, i-microorganism efana ne-nitrocystis yolwandle, eyahlukana ne-Atlantic Ocean, ibhekisela ekunyanzelekeni i-halophile. Ingaba khona kuphela kumanzi olwandle okanye kumacwecwe aqukethe. Kuba ezinjalo izilwanyana ezincinci, kungekhona kuphela indawo yokuhlala kubalulekile, kodwa kunye neziganeko ezifana ne-pH kunye nobushushu.

Zonke iibhaktheriya ezaziwayo zichazwa njenge-aerobes enyanzelekileyo. Ukuze i-ammonium ibe ne-nitrous acid, ne-nitrous acid ibe yi-nitric acid, idinga i-oxygen.

Iimeko zokuhlala

Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo, izazi zenzululwazi, ukuba yindawo apho i-bhatririya iphila khona ingayi kuba nezinto eziphilayo. Iingcamango zaziphambili ukuba ezi ncinci azikwazi ngokusemgangathweni zisebenzisa ama-organic compounds avela ngaphandle. Baye babizwa ngokuba yi-autotrophs.

Emva koko, iziphumo ezinobungozi ze-glucose, urea, peptone, glycerol kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo kwi-nitrifying bacteria ziye zabonakaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kodwa iimvavanyo aziyeki.

Kubaluleka kokuphazamisa iibhaktheriya kumhlaba

Kuze kube kutshanje, bekukholelwa ukuba i-nitrifiers ithintela umhlaba, yandisa ukwanda kwayo ngokuhlukanisa i-ammonium kwi-nitrates. Ezi zilandelayo azixhaswanga kuphela izityalo, kodwa nazo ziyakwandisa ukuzululwa kwamanye amaminerali.

Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yamuva iimbono zesayensi ziye zatshintshwa. Impembelelo engalunganga ye-microorganisms echazwe kwi-fertility yomhlaba yabonakala. I-bacteria nitrifying, i-nitrate, iyenze i-acidize imimandla, leyo ayisoloko iyimzuzu emihle, kwaye nakweyona ndlela iphakamisa ukuzaliswa komhlaba kunye ne-ammonium ions kune-nitrate. Ukongezelela, i-nitrate inokunciphisa i-N ₂ (ngexesha lokutshatyalaliswa), oko kukukhokelela ekutshweni komhlaba nge-nitrogen.

Iyintoni ingozi yokuphazamisa ibhaktheriya?

Ezinye iintlobo ze-nitrobacteria phambi kwe-substrate ye-organic zingakhupha i-ammonium, zenze i-hydroxylamine, kunye ne-nitrites kunye ne-nitrate. Kwakhona, ngenxa yendlela yokuphendula, i-hydroxamic acid iyakwenzeka. Ngaphezu koko, inani leebhaktheriya lenza inkqubo yokwenza i-nitrification yamacandelo ahlukahlukeneyo aqukethe i-nitrogen (i-oximes, amines, amides, i-hydroxamates kunye nezinye i-nitro compounds).

Isilinganiselo se-nitrification esinyanisiweyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile asikwazi nje kuphela, kodwa sinokulimaza kakhulu. Ingozi kukuba ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwendlela yokwenza izinto ezinobuthi, i-mutagens kunye ne-carcinogens zenzeka. Ngoko ke, izazinzulu zisebenza ngokusondeleyo ekufundeni kwesi sihloko.

Isihlungi sezinto eziphilayo, esoloko sisesandleni

Iibhaktheriya ezithintekayo aziyinto engacacanga, kodwa uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lobomi. Ngaphezu koko, ahlala esetyenziswa ngumntu.

Ngokomzekelo, kwizihlunu ze-biological ze-aquariums zichanekile ezi bhaktiriya. Olu hlobo lokucoca luyabiza kakhulu kwaye alusebenzi njengento yokucoca, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo kufuna ukuba iimeko ezithile zidibeneyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula kunye nomsebenzi obalulekileyo we-bacteria.

I-microclimate ehle kakhulu kubo yindawo yokushisa ejikelezayo (kulo mzekelo wamanzi) yomyalelo we-25-26 degrees Celsius, ukugcinwa rhoqo kwe-oksijini kunye nobukho bezityalo zasemanzini.

Iibhaktheriya ezithintekayo kwezolimo

Ukuze ukwandise isivuno, abalimi basebenzisa izichumisi ezahlukahlukeneyo eziqukethe ibhaktheriya.

Ukutya kwesondlo kule meko kunikwa i-nitrobacteria kunye ne-azotobacteria. Ezi bhaktheriya zikhupha izinto eziyimfuneko ezivela emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezenza inani elaneleyo lamandla ngelixesha le-oxidation process. Le yindlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-chemosynthesis, xa amandla afunyenweyo eya kwindlela yokwakhiwa kwee-molecule eziyinkimbinkimbi yemvelaphi evela kwi-carbon dioxide kunye namanzi.

Kulezi zixhobo ezincinci, kungekhona ukunikezelwa kwezondlo ezivela kwindawo yazo-ziyakwazi ukuzivelisa ngokwabo. Ngoko ke, ukuba izityalo eziluhlaza, ezizizithuthi zaso, zifuna ukukhanya kwelanga, ngoko-ke akukho bhakteria ayinayo imfuneko.

Ukuzihlambulula umhlaba

Umhlaba uyingcambu efanelekileyo yokukhula kunye nokuveliswa kwezityalo, kungekhona nje kuphela, kodwa nezinto ezininzi eziphilayo. Ngako oko, ukubunjwa kwendlela eqhelekileyo kunye nokulungelelanisa kubaluleke kakhulu.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukuhlanjululwa kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba kunikwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nge-nitrifying bacteria. Bona, ngexesha lomhlaba, imizimba yamanzi okanye i-humus, iguqula i-ammonia, ekhupha ezinye iindidi ezincinci kunye nezinto ezinobungozi, kwi-nitrate (ukuba zichaneke ngakumbi, kwintyuwa ye-nitric acid). Yonke inkqubo iqulethwe ngamanyathelo amabini:

1. Ukuxutywa kwe-ammonia ku-nitrite.
2. Ukuxutywa kwe nitrite kwi nitrate.

Kule meko, ngasinye isigaba sinikezelwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo ezincinci.

Okubizwa ngokuba yingqungquthela enobungozi

Umjikelezo wamandla kunye nokugcinwa kobomi eMhlabeni kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokugcinwa kwemiqathango ethile ekukholeni kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ekuqalekeni kunzima ukuyiqonda into echaphazelekayo, kodwa ngokwenene yonke into ilula.

Makhe sicinge ngomfanekiso olandelayo ukusuka kwincwadi yesikolo:

1. Izinto ezikhombisayo zicwangciswa ngama-microorganisms kwaye ngaloo ndlela zidala izimo ezifanelekileyo emhlabeni ukwenzela ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nokutya.
2. Kananjalo, nabo bayimithombo ebalulekileyo yamandla kwiindawo ezininzi zokutya.
3. Ikhonkco elandelayo yale nqakrazo ebalulekileyo yizilwanyana, amandla ayo, ngokulandelanayo, kunye nabalingani babo beentlobo.
4. Abantu bayaziwa ukuba bangabamkeli bezilwanyana eziphezulu, oko kuthetha ukuba sinokufumana amandla kumhlaba wezityalo kunye nesilwanyana.
5. Kwaye sele esele iindawo zethu ezibalulekileyo zomsebenzi, kunye nezo zityalo kunye nezilwanyana, zikhonza njenge-nutrient substrate ye-microorganms.

Ngaloo ndlela, kuvela ingqungquthela enobungozi, isebenze ngokuqhubekayo nokuqinisekisa ubomi bobomi bonke emhlabeni. Ukwazi le migaqo, akunzima ukucinga ukuba i-multifaced and in fact unlimited yindlela yamandla kunye nezinto zonke eziphilayo.

Isiphelo

Kule nqaku, sizame ukuphendula umbuzo othi yiziphi iibhaktheriya ezenza i-biology. Njengoko ubona, nangona ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa bento ebalulekileyo, ukusebenza kunye nempembelelo yalezi zixhobo ezincinci, kusekho imiba eninzi engqubuzanayo efuna uphando olongezelelweyo lophando.

Iibhaktheriya ezithintelayo zibizwa ngokuba yi-chemotrophs. Umthombo wamandla kubo ahlukeneyo amaminerali. Naphezu kobukhulu becala, ezi ziphilayo ziba nefuthe elikhulu kwihlabathi elibajikelezile.

Njengoko kwaziwa, iipotrophe azikwazi ukufumana ama-organic compounds ase-substrate (umhlaba okanye amanzi). Bona, ngokuchaseneyo, bakhiqiza izinto zokwakha ekudaleni iseli esiphilayo nesisebenzayo.