Iimpawu zomzimba ze-acetic acid, ifomula

I-bhotile evamile yokuviniga i-vinegar, efumaneka ekhitshini yanoma yimuphi umfazi wendlu, unamanye ama-acids amaninzi kunye namavithamini. Ukongeza amaconsi ambalwa emveliso ekutya okuphekiweyo, i-salads ibangela ukuphuculiswa kwendalo. Kodwa kakhulu bambalwa bethu bacinga ngqalelo kwiipropati kunye nezikali zangempela zokusetyenziswa kwecandelo eliphambili - acetic acid.

Yintoni le nto?

I-formula ye-acetic acid CH ₃ COOH, echaza ngayo inani elincinci le-carboxylic acid. Ubukho beqela elilodwa le-carboxyl (i-COOH) libhekisela kuma-acids monobasic. Inkunkuma ifumaneka kwihlabathi kwifom ye-organic kwaye itholakala ngokuchanekileyo kwiibhubhoratri. I-acid yinto elula, kodwa engabalulekanga ngaphantsi kwechungechunge layo. I-soluble kalula emanzini, i-hygroscopic.

Iimpawu zomzimba ze-acetic acid kunye nobuxhakaxhaka ziyahluka ngoxhomekeke kummandla weqondo lokushisa. Kwiqondo lokushisa, kwi-20 ° C, i-asidi isesidlangalaleni kwaye inobunzima be-1.05 g / cm ³ . Unobumba oluthile kunye nenambitha enomuncu. Isisombululo senkunkuma ngaphandle kokungcola kunzima kwaye sidlulele kwiikristali kwiqondo elingaphantsi kwe-17 ° C. Inkqubo yokubilisa i-acetic acid iqala ukushisa ngaphezu kwe-117 ° C. Iqela le-methyl (CH ₃ ) ye-actic acid formula ifumaneka ngokusebenzisana kotywala kunye ne-oksijeni: ukuvunywa kwamanzi e-alcohol kunye ne-carbohydrates, Ukutya iwayini.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

Ukufumanisa iviniga kwakungowokuqala kwinqanaba le-acids kwaye lenziwa ngamanyathelo. Ekuqaleni, i-acetic acid yaqala ukukhishwa ngama-distillation yi-Arabhu ye-8. Nangona kunjalo, nakwaseRoma mandulo, le nto, ephuma kwiwayini elimuncu, yayisetyenziselwa i-sauce yonke. Igama ngokwalo kwi-Ancient Greek liguqulelwa ngokuthi "omuncu". Ngekhulu le-17, izazinzulu zaseYurophu zakwazi ukukhipha into ecocekileyo yento. Ngaloo xesha, bashiya i-formula kwaye bafumana amandla angavamile - i- actic acid e-state vapor yatshiswa ngumlilo osibhakabhaka.

Kuze kube ngekhulu le-19, izazinzulu zathola ubukho be-acetic acid kuphela kwifom ye-organic - njengenxalenye yamacandelo e-salts kunye ne-ethers. Ukwakhiwa kwezityalo kunye neziqhamo zawo: iiapulo, iidiliya. Emzimbeni wabantu kunye nezilwanyana: ukukhupha izifihla, i-bile. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izazinzulu zaseRashiya zenzeke ngengozi ye-acetic aldehyde ukusabela kwe-acetylene ne-mercury oxide. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwe-acetic acid kukhulu kangangokuthi umveliso walo ophezulu wenziwa kuphela ngendlela yokwenziwa kwinqanaba elikhulu.

Izindlela zokukhutshwa

Ngaba kuya kubakho i-actic acid ecocekileyo okanye kubukho ubungcolileyo kwisisombululo Kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokucima. I-acid acetic acid ifunyenwe yindlela yokwenza i-biochemical in process of fermentation ethanol. Kwimashishini, iindlela ezininzi zokukhipha i-asidi zodwa. Njengomthetho, iimpendulo zihamba kunye nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nobukho bezinto ezihamba phambili:

• I-Methanol isabela kwi-carbon (carbonylation).
• Ukuxutywa kwecandelo leoli kunye ne-oxygen.
• I-Pyrolysis yemithi.
• Ukuxutywa kwe-acetaldehyde ne-oxygen.

Indlela yezoshishino isebenza kakuhle kwaye iqoqosho kunezinto eziphilayo. Ngombulelo kwindlela yokushishino, umthamo wemveliso ye-acetic acid kwi-20-th kunye ne-21 leminyaka sele ikhule ngamakhulu amaxesha, xa kuthelekiswa nekhulu le-19. Namhlanje, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-actic acid nge-carbonylation ye-methanol kunika ngaphezu kwe-50% yomsindo opheleleyo owenziweyo.

Iimpawu zomzimba ze-acetic acid kunye nomphumo walo kwisibonisi

Kwimeko yombane, i-acetic acid ayibalabala. Umgangatho we-asidi we-pH 2,4 uhlolisiswa lula ngokuhlolwa kweetmus. I-Acetic acid xa ibetha isalathisi ibonakalisa ibomvu. Izakhiwo zomzimba ze-acetic acid ziyahlukahluka. Xa iqondo lokushisa lihla ngaphantsi kwe-16 ° C, loo nto ithatha ifom eqinile kwaye ifana neekristal ezincinci. Iqhekeza kalula emanzini kwaye idibanisa neendidi ezahlukeneyo ze-solvents, ngaphandle kwe-hydrogen sulfide. I-Acetic acid iyanciphisa umthamo opheleleyo wenkunkuma xa ihlanjululwa ngamanzi. Ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo iimpawu zomzimba ze-acetic acid, umbala wayo kunye nokuvumelana, owujonga kumfanekiso olandelayo.

Ixabiso litshisa kwiqondo lokushisa lika-455 ° C kunye nokukhululwa kwe-heatfree ye-876 kJ / mol. Ubunzima be-molar ngu-60.05 g / mol. Iimpawu zomzimba ze-acetic acid njenge-electrolyte ekuphenduleni zibuthathaka. Imvume ye-6.15 kwiqondo lokushisa. Uxinzelelo, njengobunzima, luyimpahla ebonakalayo ye-actic acid. Xa uxinzelelo lwama-40 mm. Gt; Ubugcisa. Kwaye iqondo lokushisa lika-42 ° C., inkqubo yokubilisa iza kuqala. Kodwa sele sele uxinzelelo lwe-100 mm. Gt; Ubugcisa. Ukubilisa kwenzeka kuphela ngo-62 ^o C.

Iimpawu zeChimpi

Ukuphendula ngeensimbi kunye ne-oxides, le nkunkuma ibonisa impahla yayo ye-asidi. Ukuchithwa ngokugqibeleleyo kwiimveliso eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-asidi iifomathi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-acetate: i-magnesium, i-lead, i-potassium, njl njl. Inani le-pK ye-acid li-4.75.

Xa usebenzisana ne-gesi, iviniga ingena ekusebenziseni indawo yokufuduka kunye nokubunjwa kwee-acids eziyinkimbinkimbi: i-chloroacetic acid, iodoodotic acid. Ukuchithwa emanzini, i-asidi iyahlukana nokukhutshwa kwe-i-acetate ions kunye neeprotoni ze-hydrogen. Iqondo lokudibanisa li-0.4 ekhulwini.

Iimpawu zezinto ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali ze-acetic acid i-moletic acid kwifom ye-crystalline yenza ama-diameter kwi-bonds ye-hydrogen. Kwakhona, iipropati zayo zifuneka xa udala amaninzi amafutha acids, i-steroids kunye ne-sterol biosynthesis.

Iimvavanyo zeLebhu

Ukufumanisa i-acetic acid kwisisombululo sinokubangelwa kukufumanisa iipropati zayo zomzimba, umzekelo, iphunga. Kwanele ukongeza i-asidi enamandla kwisisombululo, esiya kuqala ukuchithwa isaliti seviniga kunye nokukhutshwa kwamaphule. I-laboratory distillation ye-CH ₃ COONA kunye ne-H ₂ SO _4, kunokwenzeka ukufumana i-acetic acid kwifom eyomileyo.

Siza kufumana amava kwiprogram yesikolo kwikhemistry yebanga lesi-8. Iipropati zomzimba ze-acetic acid zibonisa ngokucacileyo indlela yokusabela kweekhemikhali yokuchithwa. Kwanele ukongeza i-oxide yethusi kwisisombululo senkunkuma kwaye ukutshisa kakhulu. I-oxide iyanqamuka ngokupheleleyo, isenza isisombululo sembala ebluhlaza.

Ezichaziweyo

Ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwento kunye neendlela ezininzi zesisombululo: ama-esters, amides kunye neetyu. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokuveliswa kwezinye izinto, iimfuno zezinto ezibonakalayo ze-acetic acid zihlala ziphezulu. Kufuneka ukuba ube nezinga eliphezulu lokuchithwa, ngoko ke, akanalo ukungcola kweqela lesithathu.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-concentration ye-acetic acid yesisombululo esinomsoco, uninzi lwazo ezivela kuyo. Ukugxilwa kwezinto ezingaphezu kwama-96% kunegama-i-glacial acetic acid. I-Acetic acid kwi-70-80% ingathengwa kwiivenkile zokutya, apho iya kubizwa ngokuba yi-acetic essence. Iviniga yevini igxininise 3-9%.

I-Acetic acid kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla

Ukongeza kwizinto zokutya, i-acetic acid ineenxalenye zezinto eziphathekayo ezifunyenwe ngumntu kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla. Isisombululo senkunkuma yexinaniso ephantsi iyakususa i-plaque kwiimveliso zetsimbi, izakhiwo zezibuko kunye neefestile. Ukukwazi ukuthatha umswakama kudlala kakuhle. Iviniga iyakususa ngokugqithiseleyo izivumba ezigumbini, ikhuphe izitya ezivela kwimifuno neziqhamo kwiingubo.

Njengoko kwabonakala, impahla yendalo ye-acetic acid - ukususa amanqatha ebusweni - ingafumana isicelo kwiyeza zendalo kunye ne-cosmetology. Isisombululo esibuthakathaka seviniga yokutya siphathwa ngeenwele ukuba zikhanyise. Inkunkuma iyasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekunyangeni kwamaqanda, ukususwa kwee-warts kunye ne-fungi. Ukusetyenziswa kweviniga njengenxalenye yezilwanyana zokuzicoca ukulwa ne-cellulite kukhula.

Sebenzisa kwimveliso

Kwiimveliso zetyu nezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-acetic acid yinto ebalulekileyo:

• Shishini. Ukudala: i-aspirin, i-antiseptic kunye ne-antibacterial ointments, i-phenacetin.
• Ukwenziwa kwee-fibers zokwenziwa. Iifilimi ezingenakutsha, i-acetate ye-cellulose.
• Shishini lokutya. Ukulondolozwa ngempumelelo, ukulungiswa kwama-marinade kunye ne-sauces, njenge-additive E260 yokutya.
• Shishini. Inxalenye yeedayi.
• Ukuveliswa kweziselo kunye nemveliso yezempilo. Amafutha aromatic, ukhilimu ukuphucula ithoni yesikhumba.
• Ukwenziwa kweemordants. Isetyenziswe njenge-insecticide kwaye ixhomekeke kulokhula.
• Ukuveliswa kweevarnishes. Iimvumi ze-Technical, i-acetone.

Imveliso ye-acetic acid iyanda minyaka yonke. Namhlanje umthamo walo ehlabathini unamathani angaphezu kwamawaka angama-400 ngeenyanga. I-asidi ithathwa kwiitanks ezinamandla. Ukugcinwa kwezigxobo zeplastiki kwiindawo ezininzi zokuvelisa malunga nomsebenzi ophezulu wezolimo kunye neekhemikhali ze-actic acid ayivunyelwe okanye zikhawulelwe kwiinyanga eziliqela.

Khu seleko

I-Acetic acid ye-concentration concentrator ine-degree yesithathu yomlilo kwaye ikhupha imfucumfucu enobuthi. Kunconywa ukuba ugqoke iimaski zegesi ezikhethekileyo kunye nezinye izixhobo zokukhusela xa usebenza ne-asidi. Idiza elibulalayo lomzimba womntu ukususela kuma-20 ml. Ngexesha lokungena, i-asidi ishisa kuqala i-membrane, kwaye ichaphazela ezinye izitho. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kufuneka kube lula ukulala esibhedlele.

Emva kokufumana i-acid kwiindawo ezibonakalayo zolusu, kucetyiswa ukuba uhlambe ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi asebenzayo. Ubushushu bushushu nge-asidi bubangela i-necrosis yezicubu, ezifuna ukunikwa esibhedlele.

Inyaniso

Iingcali zesayensi ye-physiology ziye zafumanisa ukuba umntu akayikho imbopheleleko yokuthobela i-acetic acid - kunokwenzeka ukuba angenayo izongezo zokutya. Kodwa abantu abanexinzelelo lwe-asidi, kunye neengxaki zesisu, loo nto inqatshelwe.

I-Acetic acid isetyenziswe ekushicileleni kwincwadi.

Into efunyenwe kwizinto ezincinci kwi-honey, ubhanana kunye nengqolowa.

Ukupholisa i-acetic acid kunye nokugubha ngokugqithisileyo isitya kunye nayo, unokwazi ukugubha.

Ixinaniso encinci ye-acetic acid inokunciphisa isibonakaliso sobuhlungu ngenxa yokuluma kwezinambuzane, kunye nokutshisa okuncane.

Ukwamkelwa kwimveliso yokutya kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-acetic acid kunciphisa izinga le-cholesterol emzimbeni. Ixabiso lizinzisa izinga leswekile kwi-diabetes kakuhle.

Ukusetyenziswa kweprotheni kunye nokutya kwe-carbohydrate kunye nesincinci se-acetic acid kukwandisa ukugaya kwazo umzimba.

Ukuba ukutya kutyutywe ngetyuwa, faka nje amaconsi ambalwa eviniga ukuze ubhedule usawoti.

Gqi beleni

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Millennium ye-acetic acid kuye kwabangela ukuba iimpahla zayo zenyama kunye neekhemikhali zifumana isicelo ngasinye kwisinyathelo ngasinye. Amakhulu okuphendula okusemandleni, amawaka ezinto eziwusizo, ukubonga ukuba ubuntwini buya phambili. Into ephambili kukuba ukwazi zonke iimpawu ze-acetic acid, iimpawu zayo ezintle nezimbi.

Musa ukulibala malunga neenzuzo, kodwa khumbula ukuba yiyiphi intlekele engabangela ukuphathwa ngokungakhathali kwe-acetic acid actic acid. Ngenxa yengozi yayo, ibemi eduze kwe-hydrochloric ne-sulfuric acid. Njalo khumbula ukhuseleko xa usebenzisa i-acid. Ukucoca ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo isitshixo ngamanzi.