Hydrocarbon Zijika kugcwale: njani na ukulungiselela zabo. cycloalkanes

Kweli nqaku siza kujonga ukufumana cycloalkanes kunye neempawu yesakhiwo. Makhe sizame ukuba achaze iimpawu uphawu kwezi zinto, ngokusekelwe iimpawu yesakhiwo.

isakhiwo

Ukuqala ukuhlalutya isakhiwo udidi wathi organic hydrocarbon. Zonke khompawundi Zijika zahlulwe iintlobo carbocyclic kunye heterocyclic.

Iqela lesibini ongaphakathi ivalekile athom carbon loop ezintathu. Heterocyclic efanayo iikhompawundi ngaphandle kwekhabhoni iimolekyuli zabo ziqulathe isalfure, ioksijini, phosphorus, initrogen.

Kukho ukwahlukana carbocyclic iikhompawundi ibhedolaki kweziyobisi alicyclic.

izinto alicyclic

Ezi ziquka cycloalkanes. iimpawu kunye nokulungisa ezi imichiza azimisele kanye yi isakhiwo closed yale udidi hydrocarbon.

Alicyclic wabiza ezo izinto ezibe imijikelo omnye okanye ngaphezulu uhlobo non-enuka kamnandi. Ukulungiswa kunye Ukusetyenziswa cycloalkanes ngazo ngokwemiqathango ulwalamano lwabo ukuya compound alicyclic.

ngezigaba

Ummeli elula yale yeklasi hydrocarbon ngu cyclopropane. Kubume bayo athom carbon kuphela ezintathu. Abameli thotho homologous kuthiwa, ukongeza, kunye paraffins. Ngokweempawu yemizimba yethu kunye yemvelo ezifana hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Iimolekyuli ziqulathe iibhondi olunye kwasekwa orbitals hybrid. Le cycloalkanes Uhlobo hybridization sp3.

Ukubunjwa iyonke oluvakaliswe iklasi SnN2n ifomula. Ezi zinto ke isomers ezahlukeneyo hydrocarbon ethylenic.

Ngokutsho nokuhlelwa yangoku ngamazwe zokutshintshaniswa, kunye isihloko abameli iklasi ukongeza isimaphambili "cyclo" ukuya kwinani elifanelekileyo athom hydrocarbon. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, bafumana cyclohexane, cyclopentane. Kwande inika igama nokuhlelwa ukuba inani lamaqela methylene evaliweyo CH2. Ngenxa yale nto ke, uya kuthunyelwa trimethylene cyclopropane kunye cyclobutane - tetramethylene.

Kuba udidi lwe iikhompawundi organic luphawulwa isomerism noshowo malunga nenani athom kwekhabhoni lo msesane, kunye isomerism optical.

ongakhetha imfundo

Ngoku cinga ngendlela ulwamkelo. Cycloalkanes zingafunyanwa ngeendlela ezininzi, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo ngezinto yokuqala ezikhethiweyo ukuze kubekho iinguqu imichiza. Siza kucalula eziphambili iinketho zeparafini yokuqaphela.

Ngoko ke, yintoni kuyifumana? Cycloalkanes akhiwa cyclization diagalogenproizvodnyh hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Ngokufanayo afakwe wavelisa isangqa amane ze-membered ezintathu. Ngokomzekelo, cyclopropane. Makhe sihlolisise ukulungiswa kwayo - cycloalkanes, ezo nabameli zokuqala kuthotho homologous akhiwa sisenzo wemagniziyam sisinyithi okanye zinc digalogenproizvodnuyu engqinelanayo alkane.

Nendlela ibe membered-anesihlanu ze-membered ezintandathu iikhompawundi elibujikele, inkqubo yokufumana kwabo? Cycloalkanes kunye athom carbon amaninzi kubume ukwenza kunokuba nzima, ekubeni ngenxa Ukumila ingxaki kunye cyclization kwemolekyuli. Esi simo ngenxa ujikelezo simahla C-C, nto leyo kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba i-compound elibujikele. Kuba kwenziwe la abameli cycloalkanes njengoko ngokuqala izinto ezi 1,2- okanye 1,3-digalogenproizvodnye engqinelanayo alkane.

Phakathi iindlela iparafini inkqubo yokuqaphela kwaye kananjalo kwahlule decarboxylation ye asidi dicarboxylic kunye neetyuwa zayo. Emihlanu kunye cycloalkanes-membered ezintandathu walungisa amafu aphakathi.

Phakathi iindlela ezithile zibe nokudaleka ukhankanye indlela phakathi alkenes kunye carbenes, abuyisele mpilo avela tsiklosoedineny.

iipropati chemical

Zonke iindlela cycloalkanes lokufumana kunye benxibelelana kunokwenzeka ziqingwa awohluke lwesakhiwo chemical. Ngenxa phambi isakhiwo elibujikele, phakathi iimpawu eziphambili kwemichiza zisabela cycloalkanes hydrogen khetha uqhagamshelo (hydrogenation), ukupheliswa yayo (emzimbeni).

Kuba abasabela usebenzisa kuvala, njengoko platinum, palladium zingasebenza. Ngaba waphendula endaweni lobushushu ophakamileyo, ixabiso layo kuxhomekeke kubungakanani lesangqa. Intshukumo kwi ezizizembiwa molecule elibujikele ngu UV zokukhanya, ukuze waphendula chlorination (ichlorine ngaphandle).

Njengabo bonke abameli oganikhi khompawundi, cycloalkane uyakwazi ukungena indlela yokutsha, ukwakha icarbon dioxide emva reaction, umphunga wamanzi. Le yokusabela kuthetha iinkqubo exothermic ukususela ekhatshwa ukukhululwa ubushushu ngokwaneleyo.

isiphelo

Paraffins zivaliwe iikhompawundi ezizizembiwa wabumba alkanes digalogenproizvodnyh okanye ezinye iikhompawundi organic. Iimpawu yesakhiwo azimisele ezingundoqo cycloalkanes iipropati imichiza, isicelo sabo. Ikakhulu asetyenziswe ngayo organic kuyondelelaniswe ukuvelisa iikhompawundi mpilo organic.