Yintoni inkqubo eendawo yendalo

Geography - enye nenzululwazi kakhulu imincili kwaye efanelekileyo eluntwini. Musa ukuba i Age of Discovery, besiya nangoku asazi, apho ihlabathi enkulu kwaye izintlobo siphila. Ngokufutshane, ulwazi olungundoqo kwingqeqesho efunekayo phantse wonke umntu.

Kwaye uyazi yintoni inkqubo ethile? Le yenye iingqiqo eziphambili ukuqonda elandelwayo exhomekeke umgangatho nobungakanani lolwazi kuphela geography kodwa isethi Sciences ezinxulumene.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Igama elithi "Inkqubo" libhekisela ngokulandelelana ethile nesenzeko okanye ziphela namabandla. inkqubo Geographical (imizekelo sinikela ngezantsi) - Ukwakheka kwingxelo ezintsha phezu komhlaba emhlabeni, kunye ezinzulwini yayo. Lijongene ezi utshintsho ezahlukeneyo iiarhente morphogenesis. izazinzulu ezininzi ukuchaza la ngelizwi 'amakhulu' kuba bakholelwa (kufanele) ukuba kuphela imikhosi morphological ezinjalo kusenokukhokelela kwiinguqu ezinkulu.

Loo mbono oko kuqinisekiswa yi yokuba iinkqubo ezininzi neendawo ethetha ngazo (e shiyana) relefopreobrazuyuschimi baye basebenza ngqo kwi pre-ezikhoyo yokubona ngenkuthalo walenza.

Abantu abaninzi abakwazi ukuqonda ingcaciso lwenzululwazi yintoni yinkqubo geographical. Imizekelo ezahlukeneyo ngokwaneleyo, kodwa nangoko ukukhumbula kwipleyiti intshukumo ziitectonic plates. Le nto kanye esinamandla (jonga ngentla), into leyo ekhokelela ekubeni utshintsho kakhulu morphological kungekuphela kubume kummandla othile, kodwa yonke umhlaba uphela. kokushenxa lizwekazi, ngaleyo ezilungele ngokucacileyo i kuxoxwe ngasentla definition.

Ukubaluleka ingqikelelo

Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba ukufunda la kucingelwa ukuba isiseko Geography ne Geology. Njengoko imodeli theoretical VM Davis, igama elithi "inkqubo" unendima ebalulekileyo phakathi isakhiwo kunye amanqanaba inguqu, kwaye eneneni isifundo Inzululwazi kuseyinto enye ebalaseleyo nebalulekileyo. Kweli nqaku siza kuzama kuphela ukunika inkcazo eneenkcukacha lo mkhuba ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni inkqubo eendawo, kodwa kwakhona ukunika umzekelo ngokubhala kwakhe.

iimpawu eziphambili

iinkqubo zolawulo ezisisiseko iimpawu geographical kukuba ungakwazi inxaxheba morphogenesis of kumphezulu womhlaba, nalo negalelo intshukumo zemathiriyeli angayi esebenza sisalathisi ngokubaluleka kwazo lithogenesis. Ngako oko, xa kuhlalutywa indima yabo ngokupheleleyo unako ukufikelela kwisigqibo malunga imfuneko zokuchwetheza izalathiso.

Kuyinto elungileyo, ukuba kuthi ukuba kukho zokuhlelwa ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezo kalukhuni ibonisa kakuhle kweenkqubo eendawo, kodwa zisekelwe kwimigaqo ezimbini okanye ezintathu, nto leyo akwanelanga ukuba uphando ezinkulu kuphela. Asazi ibango ukubeka indlela alupheli zokuchwetheza. Kunoko, eli nqaku iqwalasela indima iinkqubo ezithile uhlobo kunye namathuba yokuhlelwa kwazo umgaqo.

Ukubaluleka for Nature

inkqubo speciation Geographic ibandakanya impembelelo yeemeko kwimimandla ukuvela kweentlobo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo izinto eziphilayo: utshintsho isiqabu zichaphazela yokufuduka izilwanyana, ukudla kwabo. Akumangalisi ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo ezi zinto ngokufuthi zenyathi ezintsha.

inkqubo wejoloji kokushenxa lizwekazi kuye kwabangela (kwaye ikhokelela ngoko kude) ukuya utshintsho iimeko zemozulu, ukuvela kunye yokuduka amakhulu amawaka iintlobo ezintsha, uninzi lwazo siyazi asisoze. Ezi zinto negalelo ukuyilwa iidipozithi yendalo oyile, amalahle negesi ngeefosili.

Zonke iinkqubo kwindalo, enoba nkoka ngokwemimiselo jikelele ukuze bakhangele, lingaba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwinkangeleko eendawo.

A kancinci malunga nohlobo imiba space

Kukholelwa ukuba iinguqu ezinkulu zomhlaba kukhokelela kuphela ngezenzeko arhente eziye zavela kule langa ngokwaso (kuba imilambo, umoya, njalo njalo). Abantu bayakhohlwa ngokupheleleyo malunga sikwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso yoMhlaba, xa miba ephambili yinkqubo yendalo cosmic. Kakade ke, ngokuhamba kwexesha uye savela umoya oqhelekileyo, ukubaluleka kwayo wawa kancinane, kodwa aninako angazilibali.

Kubalulekile, umzekelo, malunga ukuwa emkhathini. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba kanye into efanayo kukhokelele ekutshabalaleni na Dinosaurs, ngoxa walawula ngokupheleleyo emhlabeni, ngokunjalo kutshintsho lwemozulu ebalulekileyo. Phezu komhlaba unanamhla khondo Kuna lwemizimba yasezulwini, kwaye kwezinye iindawo kukho yimingxuma ezinkulu namatye awe esibhakabhakeni wawa kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ayikho kangako inkqubo speciation yokusingqongileyo kunye ngokwezelizwe, njengoko lo mkhuba zizonke ukutshatyalaliswa kweentlobo ezininzi eziphilayo.

Akukho mfuneko ukukholelwa ukuba loo mihla engaphezu, ukuba into efana nalena kwakhona ngexesha lethu, umphezulu ukuma komhlaba kakhulu zatshintsha, naphezu utshintshwano zemozulu kufanele kukhunjulwe.

Ngenxa yoko, nayiphi na inkqubo geographical (. Jonga ifoto kwinqaku) Ngaba kunokuba engenakuzimaseka: ukutshintsha arhente ezingundoqo phantsi amanyathelo yayo ukulungiswa akhe amakhulu kunokwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha.

Ntoni na ke?

Amaninzi, izazinzulu bakhetha ukuba nzima umba phantsi sifundo, ngoko ke batwabulule kudidi olula iziganeko ezinjalo: ukwehlisa kobuso, kokuligcina kwi imeko enye okanye umphakamo imbonakalo efanayo.

Ukuba lo typology ukuya ixesha, kuye kucace ukuba zonke iinkqubo ezikhokelela kumphezulu okanye kwamalungu omzimba (iziphene), okanye ukugudisa yayo ngcembe. Ngenxa yoko, nayiphi na inkqubo geographical (inkcazo elithi siye sikunike ekuqaleni kweli nqaku) ekunokuthiwa omnye kuphela maqela mabini eziphambili. Kakade ke, le ndlela nje hayi kuzo zonke iimeko, kodwa ke kwiimeko ezithile, lo mbono bayagwetyelwa ngaye.

Ngoko ke, lo ukhukhuliseko chu zeentaba (umoya, amanzi) nokukhokelela nangayiphi na imeko olula lawo. umzekelo ogqibeleleyo - i phambene Mountains, zona ngenxa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo geographical ziyenzeka phezu kwamawaka eminyaka, enyanisweni yayeka ukuba.

ongakhetha ezimbi

Njengoko kunjalo, ngenxa ke ayonto angundoqo kunye wokutshabalalisa nezimbi ngokunxulumene emntwini senzeko. Makhe sijonge le mizekelo boqobo kwayo. Mhlawumbi sele ugqibe ukuba siza kuxubusha ezinye nesenzeko eendawo zendalo, nto leyo nayo kubomi bethu impembelelo ingakumbi obubonakalayo.

• Ukhukhuliseko. Le nkqubo ukuthotywa kwemihlaba kunye namatye xa ezibandaknywayo awo zohlanjwa ngamanzi yaye ngokuthe ngcembe kutshatyalaliswa ngumoya. Iinkqubo ezininzi olunzulu okulolu hlobo kubonwa ezintabeni yaye bahambe ezindulini namageduka ngenxa kumhlaba elimayo nolungafanelekanga.

• Landslides - ukusilela izihlwele enkulu yamatye phantsi kwempembelelo amandla womxhuzulane, nangenxa yemvula. physicogeographical efanayo iinkqubo okufana kwimimandla weentaba.

• Sahlala. Buyinto kakhulu yingozi. Oku kuhlanganiswa ngokukhawuleza ngomxube lomhlaba, ubutyobo eweni, ikhephu, ice kunye namanzi. Ukumpompoza kobutyobo yisa isixeko sonke emhlabeni kwimizuzu embalwa. Njengoko unokuthekelela, baya kuvandlakanywa ikakhulu ezintabeni.

• Karst. Le nto ke ithetha ukuvela nemingxuma ezinkulu, ndineemfesane kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Oku kungenxa iimpawu zejoloji wengxondorha, leyo ziyathanda ukuhluzeka kuloko ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, angabi nemingxuma karst ixesha elifutshane ixesha, njengoko lekalika.

• Kancinane swamping ummandla ngenxa itafile eliphezulu lamanzi, ukwakheka komhlaba kunye neempawu. Esi simo ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi kwilizwe lethu.

Ngoko ke, lo nesenzeko geographical zemvelo usoloko kukholelwa ngokuqhelekileyo.

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi malunga neenkqubo karst

It Kukholelwa (kwaye kwezinye kwiijenali zenzululwazi kunokwenzeka ukuba sidibana nembono efanayo) ukuba iinkqubo karst kufuneka ayisiso isenzeko ebonakalayo kwindawo iimpawu eendawo kwaye zejoloji ndawo. Makube lee oko.

Ngokomzekelo, Yucatán. Isibakala sokuba komhlaba kunye zejografi badla usithelekise intloko itshizi enkulu ukuba umntu waphosa elwandle. Oku kungenxa yokuba kumphezulu wayo yonke into ngokoqobo eqonda lokungaphumeleli kwaye iziphene. Yaye ke, njengoko unokuthekelela, nje imvelaphi efanayo karst. Kulo mzekelo, oko ngeke walelwe ukuba ezi mpawu ngokwezelizwe kunye ngezenzeko kuba impembelelo enkulu kakhulu kuphuhliso yendawo landscape.

Ngaphezu koko, Karst kwisikali enjalo negalelo ezinye Ukutshintshwa kwemozulu. Inani elikhulu sinkholes karst, ndee zabo basoloko chibi kuthathwa ukuba ibe ngumba predisposing ukuya nokuthomalalisa kwemozulu ukuxovwa. Kule ndawo kaninzi iyana, leyo yenye arhente eziphambili ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngamanzi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho icaciswe ngokupheleleyo ukuma iinkqubo karst inani yokuhlela. Baya kunganxulunyaniswa zombini komhlaba kunye neenkqubo ezisentlabathini. Kunoko, bayinxalenye omabini amaqela ngexesha elifanayo. Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo geographical, ifoto apho ziboniswe kweli nqaku, kubalulekile ukusuka kwindawo unombono ukuguqulwa osisigxina kubume iplanethi yethu.

iinkqubo ezimbi zezulu

Imbalela, imimoya eshushu, izaqhwithi, isichotho esikhulu, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi kwemozulu - oku uluhlu alupheli lwe iziganeko ezimbi. Makhe sijonge ezinye ngokweenkcukacha:

• Sukhov. I eshushu kunye umoya oshushu olwenzeka xa ubushushu umoya ungaphezu kweqondo 25 ukufuma Celsius nesihlobo engaphantsi kwe-25% yayo. Ngaphakathi Russia, kube lungenzeki, kodwa rhoqo iqatshelwe republic Central Asia ye-USSR.

• A uqhwithela eluthulini kunye nesanti. kuvela rhoqo kwezo ndawo, apho ngenxa yokukhukuliseka komhlaba, iingcambu zesityalo bengasakwazi ukomeleza oomaleko zomhlaba eliphezulu. Kwezi meko, nawuphi na umoya kungabangela uqhwithela.

• Ngesantya umoya ngasentla 29 ngomzuzwana, kukho nenkanyamba. Le nkqubo geographical kuyingozi kakhulu, njengoko umoya onamandla kungabangela ukuvela kwamaza ezinkulu yolwandle, efutha isixa esikhulu kakhulu kumhlaba otyebileyo, kumo izitya ocean nokuba enkulu.

• Imvula kuqwalaselwa inkqubo ngokwezelizwe ezimbi ukuba iiyure ezili-12 iya kunyothulwa milimitha ngaphezu kwama-50 ye kwezulu. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu, ekubeni isixa esikhulu amanzi lula Uxhokonxwa kwemali zodaka enamandla, landslides, ebangela izikhukula ezinkulu.

• Castle, nto leyo ngenxa milimitha ngaphezu kwama-20 ububanzi, okuya kolu didi, kuba oko negalelo utshintsho lwemozulu kwiindawo ezinkulu ngenxa ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kotyani.

typing

Ekubeni indawo kunye neenkqubo nga zihlelwe? Ukuchwetheza la kufuneka kwenziwe ngokungqinelana nomgaqo equka izinto ezintathu: iimpawu komhlaba, iinkqubo kunye nezinto ezichaphazela ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo utshintsho kulo mhlaba. Qaphela ukuba ifomula efanayo isetyenziswa kwinzululwazi emhlabeni. Kodwa kulo mzekelo, zonke izinto kufuneka nefuthe omnye bi-directionally kwaye ngexesha elinye.

Ngokuqhelekileyo afumaneka kwi ukwahlulwa kwedijithali kunye neenkqubo zithe zadala. Kodwa ngoku phantse zonke izazinzulu ezaziwayo bayavuma ukuba oluhlobo engalunganga: la magama abonisa kuphela inkqubo emzimbeni, kodwa abathethi nto malunga nezizathu kwazo.

Xa sithatha isiseko ubunzulu kumphezulu womhlaba, phantse zonke izenzakalo ezinjalo ekunokuthiwa zangaphakathi. Inyaniso kukuba xa kusenziwa amaxesha kuba nzima ukwahlula inkqubo ethile kuyo. Kuthetha ntoni oku kuthetha ukuba iJografi yonke? Kuphela ukuba iingcali endle sikhokelwa kumthetho yokuhlela ngasentla, kuyanyanzeleka ukuba sithembele ngakumbi kumava abo kunye noluvo kunokuba kwi isiseko esiqinileyo zenzululwazi.

Yiloo nto ke singathanda ukuba kuthi ukuba kakuhle kakhulu kwaye ukuzithethelela emva omnye umgaqo okuhlamba ukungcola:

• iinkqubo Geographical of imvelaphi ziitectonic plates. Avamise kakhulu ke oyena nobangela utshintsho zehlabathi isiqabu.

• Mlilo. Ngokufanayo zohlobo elidlulileyo.

• Isostatic.

• iinkqubo Ukhukuliseko-numbers kwi ezincwadini zesayensi zidla ngokuba Fluvial.

• izenzakalo omxhuzulane. Musa uwajongele phantsi amandla womxhuzulane, into leyo eyenza igalelo ukuyilwa iintlobo ezininzi zoncedo komhlaba.

• Eolian.

• Ukwenziwa nemingxuma karst, nto leyo esele zikhankanywe apha ngentla.

• Suffusion.

• iinkqubo Abrasive, ezo ingakumbi awasiwisayo kwiindawo weentaba. rocks nzima njalo usile ezakhiwe ayizinzanga, ukuziphatha lokukhuhla.

• Le izenzakalo iliwa cryogenic (kunye postkriogennye). ukuqanda rhoqo thawing akukho umlinganiselo omncinane negalelo ukutshintsha landscape. Oku ngokukodwa kwiindawo weentaba.

• iinkqubo Glacial.

• phenomenon Fluvioglacial.

• iinkqubo Biogenic wemvelo. Nabo, yonke into inzima kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi uwajongele iimpembelelo zasendle kumphezulu-langa. Okwangoku yanele ukuba ukukhumbula ukuyilwa iidiphozithi amalahle ukuze uqinisekise i inaccuracy yencopho loo mbono.

• Le izenzakalo yemozulu kunye nokwakhiwa komhlaba.

• izenzakalo yesiqalo. Ezi ziquka iimeko wokuwa wazo ezinkulu, ukusuka apho kumaxesha amandulo zidla kwasekwa yimingxuma ingxilimbela.

• iinkqubo Anthropogenic.

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi malunga neenkqubo anthropogenic

Ngomhla ukukwazi kwabantu ukudala iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ithetha lukhulu. wokubhanga kwezityalo nezilwanyana, amanzi kunye ungcoliseko lomoya ... Apho kunqabile ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba izinto ezenziwa ngabantu - inkqubo enamandla kungafundwa ngokunzulu sokulungiswa kwendawo ezingqongileyo. Maxa wambi nkqu ngomlinganiselo-langa.

Abantu abaninzi bayazi malunga Great Wall of China, kodwa hayi bonke bacinga ukuba ngokunzulu iye yatshintsha ngengingqi eendawo. Le isakhiwo nje kuphela kubonakala evela emajukujukwini (nto leyo eqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo ithisisi apha ngasentla). Udonga ngexesha nodlwenguliweyo nzulu iindlela yokufuduka iintlobo ezininzi ukuze kwakhiwe yayo cwangcisa bucala okanye zigqunywe imilambo eziliqela ezincinane, singasathethi ke imijelo. Ngenxa yoko, kwiindawo ezininzi, leyo kuthiwa, iye yehla kakhulu ngobunzulu umoya namanzi ukhukhuliseko, ezingenakulinganiswa kodwa kuchaphazela iimpawu zelizwe kule ndawo.

Lwaba okufanayo enokuthethwa malunga nokwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza kwizixeko ezikhulu. Bathi kakhulu ukutshintsha, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha musa engenakwenzeka, ukufuduka isilwanyana, ngelixa zokwakha yabo kunye nophuhliso olungaselunxwemeni ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo, lanqunyanyiswa okanye imiqathango izenzo arhente ezininzi iinkqubo ezindawo kakhulu.

olunye uhlobo

Njengoko kubonakala ulwahlulohlulo ngasentla, uninzi iinkqubo zahlulwe zenyathi, ngenxa iiyantlukwano kwiqela le-arhente engundoqo ukuba senze ngqo phezu komhlaba. Umzekelo, ukuba yangoku omlambo amanzi - Fluvial i arhente.

Kuxhomekeka iimeko zokusingqongileyo isebenza apho arhente elinikiweyo, iinkqubo ingachazwa ngakumbi ncam, kwamanzi, phantsi komhlaba. Kodwa yintoni na inkqubo eendawo, ngokwemiqathango ngexesha ezifunekayo kuphuhliso lwayo? Okunye ngqo, indlela mabazihlele kule meko?

Typology ngokwalo maxesha

Zonke iinkqubo zejografi zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela zadweliswa ngokobunjani kwazo. Ngexesha ukuba ibonwa mihla, amandulo oyidingayo. Kwakhona, ukwahlula constants (ngumkhuba zesingqisho iqokobhe ngokwezelizwe) kunye manqapha ngumkhuba (okwexeshana). Ngokumalunga isantya sokuqukuqela, ukwahlula iinkqubo nkqi, nangephanyazo ezicothayo.

Kufuneka aqaphele kakhulu malunga inguqulelo entsha ye-yokuhlela: kusekho ingxoxo elidlulileyo malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba 'ukulicudisa "iinkqubo ezithile naliphi ixesha elibekiweyo. Ibaluleke ngaphezu zabafaki zabo kunye nesakhono ukubandakanya amaqela amakhulu yeemeko ezahlukeneyo abandakanyeka ukutshintsha sendawo.

ezifunyanisiweyo key

Kukho ukuhlelwa ezininzi kweentlobo, ngamnye kubo abe unelungelo lokuba khona. Ngokomzekelo, kutshanje kuye ecetywayo womxhuzulane ngokwahlukana kunye neenkqubo zejografi antigravity endalweni. Kakade ke, le ndlela akuvumelekile kuzo zonke iimeko. Ngaphezulu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iimeko ebonakalayo iplanethi yethu musa ukuvumela ukuba ukuthetha nzulu malunga nemo kwezinye izenzakalo anti-womxhuzulane.

Nantso into inkqubo eendawo. Njengoko ubona, le nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ulwazi ngezenzeko ezininzi ezenzeka kwiplanethi yethu rhoqo, nokuba kwezinye iimeko.