Imfuduko kwezilwanyana: imizekelo, oonobangela, iintlobo. Kutheni izilwanyana ukwenza ukufuduka?

Ngaba uyasazi isizathu sokuba kukho yokufuduka izilwanyana? 7 iklasi efunda ngayo eklasini biology. Yaye ngoko, lo gama siphonononga iimfihlelo isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, bengasenasazela uqalisa ukufundisa abantwana ukuba baqonde into yemihla ngemihla: abaninzi bafudukela, zifuduka izilwanyana. Kwaye ukuba kulungile ukuqonda izizathu zonke efanayo.

Zifuduka izilwanyana (lat migratio.) - intshukumo rhoqo eqela kwezilwanyana kunye kutshintshwe zokuhlala esingundoqo kwindlela ethile. I simanga ixhaphakileyo iintaka (sonke siye sabona lokuwa yokufuduka ezinjengengwamza, amarhanisi, amadada, starlings kunye nezinye iintaka) kunye neentlanzi. izilwanyana ihamba sifunda ngazo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ubukhulu becala ngendlela imfihlo yobomi, ukuba alandele bona 'amaxesha kuba nzima.

Onakho enemo olwenziwayo ngokukhawuleza, lo msebenzi osemqoka yehlabathi isilwanyana bubonakala iintlobo ngeentlobo kunye kwavela ngexesha zazivelela.

ukufuduka yamaxesha onyaka luphawu ngakumbi iintaka, abemi ezinezinga ziingcathu. ke nazo ezinye ezanyisayo: ukutshintsha wildebeest yokuhlala, icaribou, ezinye iintlobo ilulwane, intlanzi (Intlanzi, sisinkantazi yaseYurophu), izirhubuluzi (ufudo elwandle), ezineqokobhe (lobster), izinambuzane (umlawuli butterfly).

Kutheni izilwanyana ukwenza ukufuduka?

Isizathu sokuba intshukumo izilwanyana - utshintsho zokuhlala, ngokufuthi kuba kubi. Hi xikombiso, le icaribou emke ekuqaleni kobusika, ukusuka kumathafa ukuya kumathafa ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya kunye nobunzima imveliso yalo mmandla egubungele likhephu. A ukufuduka zonyaka izilwanyana obungabonakaliyo emanzini eziphelweni ezinzulu amachibi edibene notshintsho lobushushu emanzini.

Akukho ezixhasayo kangako - ukuzala, xa isilwanyana kufuneka imeko eyahlukileyo ukuzala. Esinye isizathu sokuba ukufuduka lu dityanisiwe ziintlekele zemvelo. siza kuxubusha ngayo kweli nqaku njengomzekelo ngamnye izizathu.

imfuduko Species

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iintlobo ezimbini zemfuduko ziyakwazi ukuchongeka - iyasebenza kwisixando sokwenziwa. Ukufuduka esebenzayo izilwanyana bahlule iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ezininzi: Iintshukumo yamaxesha onyaka (diem nganye), rhoqo (tye kunye nkqo), ubudala. Zama ukuqonda ukuba yintoni eyenza uhlobo ngalunye.

Ngoko, ngamaxesha athile onyaka (yonke imihla) yokufuduka izilwanyana. Imizekelo yeentshukumo abanjalo kubonakala iintlanzi neentaka. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inzululwazi uyazi malunga 8.500 iintlobo zeentaka, uninzi lwazo ungenzi nto, nangona sinotyekelo imfuduko ngaphakathi indawo yokuhlala ngexesha lokuzala. Zonyaka movement ngeentlobo kokuba ebekhe wazifihla enkulu abahlali ezendeleyo Arctic kunye ezinezinga ziingcathu; kunye ekusondeleni kwexesha yasebusika neentaka ziphaphazele ngendlela elula, imozulu efudumeleyo.

Ulwazi olunomdla: elikhulu intaka, umgama elide ngakumbi ihamba, zincinane iintaka ezifudukayo inokuba emoyeni ukuya kwiiyure 90 ngokuqhubekekayo, soyise indlela ukuya ku-4000 km.

Fish kwakhona ukuthutha nkqo: xa kusina phantse phezu kwamanzi, ehlotyeni okanye yasebusika - idla enzulwini yamanzi. Kodwa ezimbini kuphela nakwiintlanzi ukutshintsha indawo zabo eziqhelekileyo - a nesalmon kunye sisinkantazi yaseYurophu. Strange kodwa yinyani: utshintsho amadama kunye amtyuba namnandi ukuya kwezi ntlanzi kabini ebomini bam - ekuzalweni ngexesha lokuzala, nangona kunjalo, oku kusebenza kuphela namabhinqa, emva amaqanda ziyafa.

Loo nto inika umdla into yokuba ngexesha besasaza unomthwalo salmon omdaka, kakhulu, ukuthuthwa, ngaphandle kwehlathi, ukulungisa kwimilambo agcwele ezinjengesalmon. Ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba landela nokudla kwazo.

Njengokuba bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ukufuduka ngamaxesha izilwanyana lungohlulwa lube zenyathi ezimbini: abathe nkqo nabathe tye. Khawuqwalasele ezi izenzakalo ngokweenkcukacha.

ukufuduka tyaba izilwanyana ezinxulumene ukuhamba kwezilwanyana zikhangela ukutya. Umzekelo, umnenga ezingwevu ehlotyeni wafudukela ukusuka Arctic Ocean ukuya Atlantic (sikwisubtropic, inxalenye ubhobhoyi), apho ngeli xesha lizele ezincinane - ukutya main whale.

yokufudukela nkqo ezendeleyo izilwanyana eneentaba, nto leyo ezantsi ehlathini ebusika, kwaye ehlotyeni, njengoko ukuhlangabezana njengekhephu kunye zengca avuthayo entilini, bakhwela umva phezulu entabeni.

Kukho ikho into ubudala yokufuduka izilwanyana. iintshukumo ezifana ezityhilekileyo kakuhle umzekelo carnivores ezinkulu. Ngoko ke, Tiger, kubume bayo, isilwanyana yodwa nemida yayo enkulu, nto leyo ishiya kuphela ngexesha umlembelele. amathole wazalwa abahlala nonina de kweminyaka ukukhula ngokwesondo (idla 3-4 iminyaka), emva koko amadoda bahlukane kwaye ashiye usapho ekhangela kummandla wabo.

Izizathu lokufuduka kunye nemizekelo

Thina sele sithetha ngento ebangele into enjalo njengoko yokufuduka izilwanyana. Imizekelo abameli ezithile kuxoxwe ngokubhekele phaya.

Masiqalise kunye nokuqaliswa iintlanzi, njengoko ezimbini kuphela ngohlobo lwazo ngokuxhomekeke kwiintshukumo. Ezi ziquka nesalmon kunye sisinkantazi yaseYurophu. Kukho ezinye iintlobo ezimbalwa, ukufuduka nisebenza, kodwa ngazo kamva. Ngoko kutheni zifuduka intlanzi? Yintoni na isizathu?

Ukutshintsha yokuhlala fish

Intlanzi Anadromous - eziphilayo ukuba uhlala yokuhlala ethile, kodwa ke ixesha lokuzala inguqulelo enkulu kuye. Yintoni na isizathu?

Iisalmon (lat. Salmo salar) azalwe ngamanzi acocekileyo, ngoko nokuqukuqela umlambo lujika ngokukhawuleza elwandle, kolwandle, apho ubomi iminyaka 5-7 ilindele ukufikisa. Kwaye ngoko ke umzuzu ekwakukudala lilindelwe - abantu bakhula kwaye ukulungele ukuhamba inzala. Nje le nto - bathanda amanzi anetyuwa, kodwa abantwana abafuni ukuba avele ekukhanyeni kwakhe. Iintlanzi "ukhumbula" ukuba azalwe ngamanzi acocekileyo, nto leyo ithetha ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba indawo anetyuwa elwandle-iilwandlekazi ukuya nemilambo, kwaye nkqu ngcono - entabeni. Apho, iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu sizale. Kodwa asingabo bonke abazali ukufikelela usukelo efunekayo - apha ihlala utshaba, ngubani liqhekeza abambe umsinga intaba yentlanzi, ukukrazula izisu nokutya kude zizala kuphela. Ekwaziyo nebhere enjalo brown, leyo ebotshelelwe yokufuduka izilwanyana - njengomthombo wefula.

sisinkantazi European (Latin Anguilla Anguilla.) - umahluko Uzizalise kOsenyangweni salmon. Amaqhakuva Makaluswe ozelwe ndifuze Sea Sargasso, oku kwenzeka kubunzulu be-400 m. Imazi ivelisa ukukhanya xa malunga nesiqingatha amaqanda nincokola libe ngumbungu efana willow amagqabi. Ezidla umahluko wayo angundoqo evela kubazali babo bafumana kwigama elihlukileyo - Leptocephalus. Ngomhla umzekelo iintlanzi sinako siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha uhlobo zemfuduko isixando: Imibungu kuvela kumphezulu, iqhubeka zabo kuba Gulf Stream, ngoko emithathu iminyaka bafudukela kwindawo eshushu amanzi ukuya kunxweme inxalenye yaseYurophu naseAsiya. Ngeli xesha, imilo ukuthatha Leptocephalus sisinkantazi yancitshiswa kuphela -. Malunga 6 cm Ngelo xesha, sisinkantazi bafuduka yemilambo engena elwandle, ephakamisa umsinga, intlanzi similise omdala. Ngoko ke iya eli-9 okanye mhlawumbi 12 (akukho ngaphezulu), eels uqole ngesondo, umahluko ngokwesini elibukhali kuzakuvela kumbala. Lifikile ixesha lokuba ujungujungu - umva elwandle.

yokufuduka ezanyisayo

whale Gray (lat. Eschrichtius robustus) uhlala Arctic Ocean, kodwa, ngumzali, abasetyhini kunye namadoda ukususela ngo-Oktobha uqale ukususa emazantsi apho elunxwemeni. KuDisemba-Januwari umphunga lifike Gulf of California, apho amanzi ashushu aqalise ukuya kuzibandakanya kwiintshukumo zesondo ze azale, emva koko amadoda babuyela ngasentla, kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo kunye nabantu nabantwana wabuyela ekhaya ngoMatshi-Epreli.

Iminenga Pregnancy ithatha malunga nonyaka, ngoko emanzini efudumeleyo okanye kumitha, okanye kuzisa kwinzala entsha ukukhanya. Kuba umfana kubaluleke kakhulu - kwiiveki zokuqala 2-3 yobomi, iintsana xa kumanzi afudumeleyo kwamafutha omzimba, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukubuyela ngqwabalala Arctic Ocean ukuzuza.

Ngomhla umzekelo elk njani ukuchaza into efana indlela yokufuduka yezilwanyana. Elk ku "elk 'eqhelekileyo (ukusuka alces Latin. Alces), kusiwa kummandla wehlathi yoMntla saseNtla. Kamsinya nje ikhephu lokuqala, imilambo zambethe ngumkhenkce, elk liqalisa ukufudukela kwiingingqi esemazantsi, apho ukukhula igcinwa ingca, amachibi musa ngumkhenkce. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, zifuduka ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuJanuwari, amaxhama sisendleleni lokugangathwa kwaso; ke imizila zokuqala ababhinqileyo kunye eziselula ukuhamba kuzo. Endleleni ebuyela izilwanyana zibuyiswa ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngoku amaduna phambili, esusa ngumendo evela amagqabi banabileyo. Kunye indlela yeqela ibhadule yokuhlala - iimazi olunye ukuya kwicala elinye, iimazi kunye namathole - kwenye, amaduna - wesithathu.

Tigers (. Lat Panthera iTigris), amalungu likhulu ikati, zezona yokuphila single oyinkazana kuthatha ukuya ku-50 km² intsimi yakho ukuba amadoda - up to ezikwere zeekhilomitha 100. Intlanganiso kwenzeka ngexesha lokuzala, inkoliso imazi ezitsala inkunzi ngokwayo, eshiya iintlobo iilebhile. Kwakheke tiger, imbuyekezo inkunzi kummandla wakhe okanye ukukhangela imazi elandelayo.

Apha sibona umzekelo zemfuduko izilwanyana kuloo ndawo yokuhlala, kodwa besaphula imingcele. inzala entsha Uhlala nomama wakhe lo gama nje i "abantwana" musa ukufunda lizingela, nto leyo ethatha ixesha elide. Ngoko ke, abantu abaselula kunye tigress phambi lokufikisa, emva kokuba lwahluma Imizekelo ukoyisa kwintsimi entsha. Imizekelo ubudala-lokufuduka zingadityaniswa kwaye sisinkantazi ochazwe ngaphambili yaseYurophu.

Ubunzima ukufuduka kwezilwanyana eziqhelekileyo iintlobo ezininzi, kodwa intshukumo ilulwane - le intlekisa angathethekiyo. Eneneni Amalulwane ezithandwa kakhulu umzimba, kodwa ukuba izilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo ziingcathu, kufuneka uye ubusika engasezantsi. Ukuba izinga lokubanda ebusika kugcinwa phakathi kwe-0 ° C, ilulwane nga overwinter kwindawo ephantsi kophahla lwezakhiwo. Ngeli xesha, le mouse eyele ukulala ebusika. Xa nasemalulwaneni yemfuduko kwanokunyanzeliswa ukuba sikhokelwa nethuku kwaye ushukume kwezo iindlela ezisetyenziswa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

Cinga ukufuduka nkqo uze uzobe ingqalelo abemi zeentaba. Ezintabeni, kwintaba ephakame amawaka yemitha, zooraznoobrazie engaqhelekanga: engutoki netshintshila, iingcuka kwikhephu, cougars, iibhokhwe, iigusha, yak, wejunipha grosbeak, pheasant emhlophe-eared, Kea. Ngokuba bonke abemi nduli uphawuleka noboya ubukhulu kunye neentsiba ukuthintela izilwanyana emzimbeni. Ezinye izilwanyana ebusika kwi imingxuma nobusika, yaye iintaka, nasezimfanteni zeengxondorha zakha iindlwane kunye namaqela bayive. Kodwa abemele neempuphu phantsi ezinyaweni nasemiqhokrweni yeengxondorha zikhangela ukutya, emva kwazo ke amarhamncwa, nokusukelana ixhoba labo.

Interesting nyaniso: I kwamagogo asemaweni, kunye neegusha bayakwazi ukuthutha nge ematyeni, ngaphandle ukunyathela migudu entabeni. Kwaye zonke Bulelani kubume ekhethekileyo iimpuphu: kwamagqabi ezitofotofo nawo abuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza, iimpuphu bayakwazi ukuya ngokubanzi ngaphandle, nto leyo ebalulekileyo xa uqhuba edwaleni sezwe.

Izizathu sokutshintsha indawo zokuhlala zeentaka

iintaka ezidla kuvandlakanywa zombini kumntla ikhweyitha nobasezantsi. I libukhali imozulu iyatshintsha, lo moya ucaca ngakumbi. Ngoko wazana kuthi ukhonye namahobe ke zifuduka, ukuba bahlala kwimimandla emantla, apho, ubusika ngqwabalala ngekhephu idima iintaka iimbovane amathuba. Abemi kumzantsi Yurophu ukuba ungenzi nto ngenxa yokunqongophala utshintsho ngesiquphe lobushushu. Ukuziphatha kwe intaka Afrika apha ngexesha elifanayo kunokubonwa njenge inyathelo ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi kwaye ukusuka ezantsi ukuya entla. Isizathu sokuba aba bantu into efihlakeleyo akukhethayo imozulu ezimanzi okanye ezomileyo.

Iintaka ungenza iinqwelo kakhulu elide. Umzekelo, ukuba indawo ye omhlophe (lat Ciconia ciconia.) - eYurophu neentaka ubusika eAfrika, amaxesha 2 ngonyaka, soyise umgama ngo-10-15 amawaka km .. Kodwa unique kakhulu phakathi iintaka ezifudukayo - Arctic oqhuba (Latin Sterna paradisaea.). iindlwane oqhuba kwi kumathafa, apha kuzisa amantshontsho. Xa ekwindla ithuthela kwi ikhweyitha emazantsi, intlakohlaza ubuyela umva. Ngoko ke, kabini ngonyaka intaka weyisayo 17 lamawaka. Km. Kunika umdla ukuba entwasahlobo nasekwindla tern eziphaphazelayo iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

ezihambayo ezirhubuluzayo

Makhe sihlolisise umzekelo kwi ufudo elwandle (lat. Cheloniidae), yintoni na unobangela ubunzima yokufuduka kwabantu nezilwanyana. Ufudo Sea zande kuphela kwiindawo ezithile. Ngoko ke, Atlantic Ridley (lat. Lepidochelys kempii) replicates kwisiqithi enye e-Mexico, apho Isazinzulu 1947 Abasetyhini ebhaliswe malunga 42 lamawaka. Zaye, apho ngomkhombe, baya kubeka amaqanda abo.

Sibonga i ufudo elwandle womnquma (lat. Lepidochelys olivacea), ibinzana elithi "arribida" wabonakala Science. Ziyenzeka ukuba amawaka omnquma Ridley ngamini-nye uza ukuya kuzibandakanya, ngoko yi siqithi, iimazi phantse ngaxeshanye ukwenza ngokubekwa izigidi amaqanda.

kwezilwanyana Kungani aya

Lobster (lat. Achelata) Ushukumisa ngexesha elithile. Izizathu lokufuduka olu hlobo nangoku ayichazi inzululwazi. Ekwindla yiMaine buthathwa egesi amawaka abantu kwaye wenze hambo ukusuka Bimini Islands ukuya Grand Bahama Bank. Nangona kukho mnye kuphela ingcaciso yezinto zokuziphatha ngaleyo: ukuwa iqala ukwala emini eyenza utshintsho lobster yokuhlala.

lobster nengwane (lat. Panulirus Argus) nayo uthathwa ukuba amele kwezilwanyana amadlelo. Xa kusebusika, ungena emanzini ezinzulu. Oosonzuluwazi kudala babekholelwa ukuba isizathu ushukumisa lobster - ukuzala, kodwa kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba iqanda-ngokubekwa kwenzeka kamva yokufudukela kakhulu, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela. Iinzululwazi zizibiza izizathu ezahlukeneyo ukutshintsha indawo lobster zokuhlala. Abanye, umzekelo, bakholelwa ukuba ukufuduka kwezi intlanzi - amazwi ye-Ice Age, xa ebandayo yasebusika kwi ubunzulu emanzini ezifudumeleyo.

Ukufuduka yiMaine - into emangalisayo ngokwenene! ezingamakhulu eziliqela abantu imiqolo ukuhambisa omnye emva komnye. Yintoni eyona umdla, lobster bahlale bahlale kunye nabanye. Ke ngoko, na ngasemva, ebambe eriyali yayo phezu iqokobhe lowo uhamba phambili.

Imizekelo yokufuduka yezinambuzane

YoMlawuli savela (Latin Danaus plexippus.) - abemi edume North America. Ngamaxesha lokufuduka izilwanyana isaziso bayo kummandla Ukraine, eRashiya, Azores, North Afrika. E Mexico, Michoacán State, nkqu uvimba savela ibhabhathane.

Ngomhla umba yokufudukela kwakhona umehluko izinambuzane: kumkani - enye abameli ezimbalwa kwiklasi, ekwaziyo yokuwela Atlantic Ocean. Sele ku Agasti, ngookumkani aqale aya kwintsimi esemazantsi. Iminyaka yokuphila yale ibhabhathane - malunga neenyanga ezimbini, ngoko ke ukuthuthelwa isilwanyana kuthatha ngezizukulwana.

Diabase - isigaba ukuzala, nto leyo eza uPhilip, owazalwa ngasekupheleni ehlotyeni, esivumela ibhabhathane ukuba bahlale iinyanga malunga 7 yaye ifikelela amabala ubusika. savela uba "isivamvo kwelanga" emangalisayo, nto leyo evumela wesithathu, imbuyekezo sesine-isizukulwana ukuya yokuhlala zasebusika izinyanya. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, imozulu kakhulu kwezi amabhabhathane wabonakala Bermuda, apho ezinye izinambuzane unyaka wonke.

Ukufuduka neentlobo zaseYurophu. Igqiyazana eLady, umzekelo, ebusika kunye hlobo eMntla Afrika kunye nenzala yabo baye bafudukela ukuya emntla kwaye izisa isizukulwana ehlotyeni, ngoko iyabhabha wabuyela Afrika. Imbali uyaziphinda entwasahlobo.

Yintoni umdla kukuba, nenekazi zipeyintwe ukubhabha ngamaqela kwaye wagubungela umgama km 500 ngamini-nye. Bonke ke inokubhabha kangangoko 5000 km zifuduka! Nesantya baye kunokuba enkulu - kuba 25-30 km / ngeyure.

Ezinye iiglendle azihambeli rhoqo, kodwa zixhomekeka kuphela kwiimeko. Ezi ziquka i-urticaria, mahaone, tramadress, iklabishi, i-admiral. Zonke ezi ntlobo zihlala eMntla naseMntla Yurophu, kodwa ziyakwazi ukufudukela eningizimu phantsi kweemeko ezimbi.

Kodwa i- oleander brazier, umzekelo, ngonyaka uhamba ukusuka eTurkey naseNyakatho Afrika ukuya eMpuma naseYurophu yaseYurophu. Kukho ama bhabhathane enyuka, kodwa, ngelanga, ebusika ininzi yabo inzala iyafa. Ngentwasahlobo, isizukulwana esilandelayo sihamba ukusuka kumzantsi.

Isiphetho esincinci kunye nezigqibo

Apha sincinane kwaye sicinga ukuba kutheni izilwanyana zenza ukufuduka. Ewe, izizathu ziyahlukahlukileyo, kodwa ndifuna ukuphawula ezimbini eziqhelekileyo. Sonke siyikhumbula ibali leMowgli, ingakumbi umzuzu xa ihlathi lafika ixesha lembalela. Zonke izilwanyana zatyelelwa kumlambo owodwa, apho ubuhlanga buya kugcinwa khona: bonke balingana, ukuzingela kuyinto. Ukufuduka okunjalo kwenzeka, njengommiselo, ngaphakathi kweendawo zokuhlala, xa izilwanyana (ngokuphindaphindiweyo abemi base-steppes, i-desert, i-desert) zifudukela kwixesha lesomiso ekufuneni ukutya kunye namanzi ukusuka kwindawo eya endaweni, kaninzi ezi zinto zingabikho. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kweenkomo, iinkomo ziquka ukunyuka kwezilwanyana (i-hyenas, i-griffins), okufuneka ukuba ibekwe kufuphi nesiseko sokutya. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutya kunye namanzi kubangela amaqela amaninzi ezilwanyana ezininzi zezilwanyana ukuba zifuduke.

Isizathu esibalulekileyo kukuvelisa. Ukufuduka okusebenzayo kwezilwanyana ngelixesha lokuzalisa, ngokukodwa iinqununu zolwandle, luyamangalisa kwaye lunomdla.

Zininzi iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifudukayo: ezinye ziphakathi kwoluhlu, abanye banqobile amawaka eekhilomitha ukuze bafikelele kwimozulu efanelekileyo; Okwesithathu i-cardin ishintshe indawo yokuhlala (khumbula nge-sturgeon kunye ne-euro eel).

Ewe, ukufuduka kwezilwanyana ezahlukileyo kunemeko eyahlukileyo, izizathu ezahlukeneyo, kodwa idibanisa yonke into-unxano lobomi.