Yintoni benzene? Ulwakhiwo benzene ifomula, iimpawu kunye nesicelo

Phakathi yokugcina enkulu ka-oganikhi khompawundi kukho iikhompawundi eziliqela, ukufunyanwa nesifundo leyo sakhatshwa ngokuvunyiweyo lwenzululwazi ixesha elide. Bona eyingxenye yayo benzene. Isakhiwo benzene chemistry ekugqibeleni kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kanti ukwakhiwa elemental zenkqunto echazwe naxa kunyaka-1825, egxininisa kuyo amalahle ngetha, nto leyo yaveliswa njengoko eceleni amalahle coking.

Benzene ne toluene, anthracene, phenol, naphthalene okwangoku ekubhekiselelwe hydrocarbon ngokuba enuka kamnandi. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga ntoni na iimpawu kwesi ezizizembiwa molecule, ukufumana iimpawu ezibonakalayo, ezifana ukunyibilika, lokubila kwanokuxinana benzene kwaye ukuchaza umda iikhompawundi kushishino kunye nezolimo.

Yintoni enkundleni?

Imichiza Organic iikhompawundi ngokucalula nokwahlula zonke izinto ezaziwayo ngokwamaqela eziliqela, ezifana alkanes, alkynes, alkoholi, aldehydes, njl Eyona iphambili kwiklasi nganye materials phambi kweentlobo ezithile neentambo. Iimolekyuli ziqulethe kuphela befumile hydrocarbon sigma ngokuzikhanyeza, inani kwezinto ethylene - kabini, iqhina ezintathu phakathi alkynes. Ukuba yintoni udidi benzene na?

Isakhiwo ibonisa ubukho yebhenzina molecule ayo an umsesane esinevumba elimnandi, ikhonkco benzene kwesihloko. Zonke iikhompawundi yendalo ephilayo equlathe enye okanye ezingaphezulu yezi amakhonkco e iimolekyuli zabo, ochazwa ngokuba iklasi ka arenes (hydrocarbon enuka). Ukongezelela benzene, leyo esixubusha, eli qela iquka inani elikhulu kwezinto ezibalulekileyo kakhulu, nto leyo njengoko toluene, aniline, phenol kunye nabanye.

Indlela ukugqiba ulwakhiwo ingxaki molecule hydrocarbon elimnandi

Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu ndiyiqinise kuqamba uhlobo ubungakanani umchiza oluvakaliswe _amabango, C ₆ H _6, apho ubunzima isalamane molecule ye benzene ngu 78. embodiments ke eziliqela le fomyula zolwakhiwo ziye olucetywayo, kodwa akukho namnye kubo akazange ne iipropati eyiyo emzimbeni lwemichiza benzene waphawula ekhemisi ukuhlola zaselebhu.

Sele kudlule phantse iminyaka engamashumi amane phambi umkhenkethi waseJamani Alexander Kekule thaca inguqulelo yakhe kwifomula kwesakhiwo, nto leyo eye zinemoletyhule benzene. Kwaba khona ngeentambo ezintathu kabini, ebonisa uhlobo kunokwenzeka unsaturated leepropati eekhemikhali hydrocarbon. Oku bemphikisa ekhoyo ngokwenene intsebenziswano uphawu ambaxa formula C ₆ H ₆ kunye nezinye izinto, umz, kunye bromine,-nitric acid, chlorine.

Kuphela emva kokuba Ukucacisa e benzene molecule zoqwalaselo zendlela ifomula yayo noshowo uvele isiqu benzene isiqalo (isanqa), kwaye isasetyenziswa nangoku ikhondo organic chemistry.

uqwalaselo Electronic kwemolekyuli C6H6

Loluphi uhlobo lwesakhiwo lwemihlaba unalo benzene? Ubume benzene ekugqibeleni kungqinwe reactions ezimbini: i trimerization of iasithilini ukuya benzene kunye cyclohexane ekunciphiseni hydrogen. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba athom carbon izinto ezihambelanayo ukwenza namacala tyaba kwaye sp ² hybridization usebenzisa kunxibelelwano nabanye athom ezintathu elektroni yayo Valence ezine.

zicwangciswe aa-moya molekyuli esiseleyo ezamahala p-electron ezintandathu. Ezilala phezu kwezinye, bakha ilifu electron iyonke, ngokuba nucleus benzene.

Indlela emi ngayo imichiza bond-ikota

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iipropati emzimbeni eekhemikhali khompawundi zixhomekeke ikakhulu kulwakhiwo lwazo lwangaphakathi kunye neentlobo iibhondi imichiza phakathi atom zenzeka. Ubume electron of benzene, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukugqiba ukuba molecule akukho iibhondi ezilula okanye kabini, leyo kubonwa kwifomula Kekule. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izibopho imichiza phakathi athom carbon bayalingana. Ngaphezu koko, jikelele π-electron ilifu (zonke ezintandathu C athom) yenza uhlobo chemical connection, kuthiwa ukumkanikazi, okanye enuka kamnandi. Oku kubangela iimpawu ezithile ring benzene kwaye, ngenxa yoko, uhlobo intsebenziswano eekhemikhali hydrocarbon enuka kunye nezinye izinto.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Arenes equlethe kwi molecule inani elincinane athom carbon emelwe becala ulwelo. Asinto umnyinyiva, kunye benzene. Ubume benzene, njengokuba sikhumbula, ebonisa indalo yayo eziphilayo. ntoni oku kuyichaphazela njani iimpawu zayo?

Ngokwehlisa iqondo lobushushu kulwelo singena kwisigaba eqinileyo kunye benzene iguqulelwa ibe crystalline mass emhlophe. It lula kwaphela kubushushu-5,5 ° C. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, iyeza le ulwelo ezingenambala kunye ivumba ngokungaqhelekanga. abilayo Its ingongoma 80,1 ° C.

benzene ezinoxinano kuyahlukana nedlela utshintsho lobushushu. Le lobushushu liphezulu, loxinano ingaphantsi. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa. Kubushushu ka-10 ° ukuxinana 0,8884 g / ml, yaye ngo-20 ° - 0,8786 g / ml. benzene molekyuli nonpolar, ngoko ke into ke ezingenakunyibilika emanzini. Kodwa umchiza ngokwayo kuphela elungileyo organic, umzekelo, amafutha.

Ingakumbi izakhiwo benzene khemikhali

Kuye kwamiselwa ngokomfuniselo ukuba isiqalo enuka of benzene uzinzile, ngamanye It ebonakala nokumelana eliphezulu ukuya nihlinza. Le nto ichaza likhoboka ingxam ngayo uhlobo endaweni, umzekelo, chlorine phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kunye bromine ne-nitric acid phambi kuvala. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukumelana eliphezulu benzene kwiiarhente oxidising ezifana potassium permanganate, amanzi bromine. kanye kwakhona Oku kungqina ukungabikho kwi kwemolekyuli kwibala neentambo kabini. igcwala engqongqo, kungenjalo eyaziwa ngokuba eluvundwini, uphawu zonke hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi. Ekubeni ipesenti umxholo kwekhabhoni molecule, C ₆ H ₆ ezinkulu, benzene nomsi nelangatye nekudodobalisa ukhatshwa ukuyilwa kwamasuntswana umlotha. Indlela abasabela ukhupha icarbon dioxide namanzi. An mbuzo umdla ngulo: ngaba ezizizembiwa enuka basabela uqhagamshelo? Makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha.

Yintoni ebangela umsantsa ring benzene?

Khumbula ukuba ngee-molekyuli bond arenes ukumkanikazi langoku okwabangelwa ukungqubana ezintandathu p athom electron carbon. Impendulo intliziyo ring benzene. Ukuba siyitshabalalise nokuqhuba Ukongeza reaction, ifuna inani iimeko ezizodwa, ezifana sesichengeni ukukhanya, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nengcinezelo, ehlanganisa. Umxube benzene kunye yeKhlorini ngayo ngokunxulumene phantsi yesenzo yelanga. Imveliso lwale ntsebenziswano hexachlorocyclohexane uya - yityhefu akhazimlayo into ezisetyenziswa kwezolimo njengoko zinambuzane. Xa hexachlorane molecule akukho msesane benzene, kwindawo komsipha kwenzeka ezintandathu kuthinjwe athom chlorine.

Ukufundiswa isicelo benzene

Imizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo izinto Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphela kwaye kwakhona feedstock ekulungiselelweni ngakumbi ivanishi, iiplastiki, idayi njengoko isongezo lwamafutha motor. Uluhlu nakakhulu izicelo avela of benzene kunye homologues zayo. Umzekelo, nitrobenzene, C ₆ H ₅ NO ₂ ke reagent eyintloko ukuze aniline. Ngenxa indlela endaweni chlorine phambi aluminiyam chloride njengesixhobo kwaba hexachlorobenzene uzilungiselele. Isetyenziswa pre-unyango lwe iimbewu, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa kushishino zinkuni ukukhusela kweenkuni nxamnye izinambuzane. nitration Homolog of benzene (toluene) ifunyenwe kuqhume, eyaziwa ngokuba TNT okanye TNT.

Kweli nqaku, siye sahlolisisa iimpawu ezifana ezimbaxa enuka kamnandi njengoko Ukongeza reaction kunye ukufaka benzene yokutsha, yaye ezichongiweyo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kushishino kunye nezolimo.