Agglomeration Urban - yeyona ndawo inkulu ombhaxa ...

Ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza ubuso lwehlabathi; elalini nemizana ukunika indlela ezixekweni, nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, ukuba spliced kunye baze babe agglomeration. Le nkqubo yabantu noloqoqosho kukhulise ngokuthe ngcembe nangokwamanqanaba, mayingabi sakhululwa ukumiswa. Inkqubela ngokwayo lisibeka iimeko uluntu lunikezelo yayo enkulu. yonke kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kukuba ixesha omkhulu mveliso. Umphumo waba ukuphuhliswa kwamashishini kumacala ahlukeneyo kunye nokukhula ezinxulumene yabantu ezidolophini, nto leyo evumela naliphi zaseprayimari resource-mveliso - abasebenzi.

Indaba

agglomeration Urban - yinkqubo ye zixhaphakile kummandla elalini ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwayo nokufunyanwa zokuhlala ezikufutshane. Ukuvuka iye idlule ngokukhawuleza ngokwanele iminyaka 80-95. Ukuba sithelekisa kubalo data kwi isiqalo nesiphelo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Isibonisa ukuba umlinganiselo abantu basemaphandleni nasezidolophini. Ngokomthetho ipesenti, imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngo-1903, 13% - abemi baloo mizi, ngo-1995 eli nani 50%. Lo mkhuba waqhubeka namhlanje, kodwa amaziko yokuqala emikhulu yasezidolophini bavela kwihlabathi lamandulo. Ngokomzekelo, eAthens, Alexandria, yaye, ke, iRome omkhulu. Kamva, kwinkulungwane XVII, lo agglomeration yokuqala zavela eYurophu - oku eParis kunye London, leyo bahlale ezindaweni ezinkulu kuneZiqithi zaseBritane xa zizonke. Ngenkulungwane XIX, ukuyilwa zokuhlala ezinkulu ezidolophini kwaqala North America. Igama elithi "agglomeration" yaziswa okokuqala a ngokuma French M. Rouget. Ngokutsho definition yakhe, lo agglomeration ezidolophini - na imveliso kwemisebenzi engeyiyo kwezolimo-sikhokelo zolawulo ukuba zokuhlala kunye nokubandakanyeka kuyo zokuhlala ezingqongileyo. Okwangoku ezikhoyo ulwazi ntetho ngokwanele ezahlukeneyo, kodwa generalizing umgaqo inkqubo yokwanda, ukukhula yesixeko. Xa oku kuthathelwa ingqalelo inani leendlela.

definition

N. V. Petrov uchaza agglomeration Sisihloko iidolophu kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala kumgaqo indawo, zikhula kunye kwinkqubo yophuhliso, kukho someleza zonke iintlobo zobudlelwane (yengqesho, yenkcubeko, ezoqoqosho, njalo njalo. D.). Kulo mzekelo, yesihloko kufuneka compact yaye imida ecacileyo yolawulo - ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Pertsik EN unika inkcazelo eyahlukileyo kancinane: i agglomeration kwedolophu - luhlobo elikhethekileyo ezidolophini, nto leyo ibandakanya iklasta indawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane ezi lixhomekeke kwelinye kwezoqoqosho kwaye wabelane uthungelwano lwezothutho eqhelekileyo, izibonelelo ubunjineli, ubudlelwane mveliso kunye nenkcubeko, isiseko eziqhelekileyo ekuhlaleni kunye nobugcisa. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, yena wabethelela ukuba olu hlobo umbutho okusingqongileyo kakhulu esinemveliso kwimisebenzi yezobunzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe eliphambili kunye namaziko. Ngako oko, kulapha ukuba abasebenzi abaninzi abanezakhono zihlelwe kuncedo leyo iphuhlise kwicandelo iinkonzo nokudala iimeko zokuba ukuphumla elungileyo. Imizi inkulu kunye nemimandla embhaxa imida lwengingqi mobile, akukho nje indawo kanye izinto ngazinye, kodwa kumaxesha eyachithwayo intshukumo yomntu okanye impahla ukusuka ngumongo ukuya kwimida ethile.

Iikhrayitheriya ukucacisa agglomeration

Phakathi izixeko ezininzi mihla aphuhliswe kakhulu, elinabemi kwesigidi sabantu 2-3. Fumana ukuba nendawo nga kuchazwa kummandla ombhaxa, kunokwenzeka, kusetyenziswa inkqubo yovavanyo ethile. Kodwa apha, izimvo abahlalutyi 'kwahluka: abathile Sicebisa ukuba sigxile iqela izinto, omnye kwanele ukuba umsebenzi osemqoka lowo ichazwe ngokucacileyo ngokwemiqulu. manani eziphambili Ngokutsho apho esiXekweni kunganxulunyaniswa agglomeration:

1. Ubuninzi babantu nganye-1 m ^2.
2. Inani (100 amawaka abantu, nelona qondo liphezulu ngu mda).
3. Isantya zokwakha kunye nokuqhubekeka yayo (ngaphantsi kwama-20 km phakathi komzi engundoqo kunye neesathelayithi zayo).
4. Inombolo wohlulwa ezindaweni (satellites).
5. Ubunzulu yokuhamba ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo phakathi undoqo kunye kwimida (ngenxa yomsebenzi, ukufunda okanye lokuphola, ebizwa ngokuba yi-setyhula nemfuduko).
6. An lwamaziko adibeneyo (eziluncedo, ngocingo).
7. network Freyistata Iyonke.
8. Isabelo yabantu abaqeshwe umsebenzi non-zolimo.

Types of agglomerations ezidolophini

Nangona iyantlukwano lweepateni intsebenziswano kunye nemiqathango kwavumela izixeko kunye Hewana zabo, kukho inkqubo emfutshane yokuqingqa uhlobo endaweni. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili: monocentric kunye kwindawo polycentric ombhaxa. Inani elikhulu kokudityaniswa ezikhoyo kwaye zenze bobabo kudidi lokuqala. Monocyclic agglomeration kwakheka kwi siseko ukongamela omnye umzi omkhulu. Kukho iyingxam sihlanganisa ukukhulela nommandla wayo ezinye zokuhlala yenza nezifundo ukulungiselela uphuhliso ngakumbi ngokuncedisana isakhono sabo. Le agglomeration inkulu ezidolophini (uninzi) zenzelwe kanye for loDibaniso. Umzekelo i eMoscow okanye New York. indawo Polycentric ombhaxa na ngaphandle, baya ukudibanisa imizi eziliqela, ngalinye nto leyo kernel elahlukileyo lubamba kwiindawo ezingqongileyo. Umzekelo, eJamani oko Ruhr isitya, wakha ngokupheleleyo phezulu ezikhoyo ezinkulu, nganye eneyazo Hewana ezininzi ngexesha elinye ke musa enye ixhomekeke kwenye kwaye zidityaniswe zibe iyunithi enye kuphela qho indawo.

isakhiwo

Le ndawo inkulu yeedolophu zelimiweyo kwasekwa emizini, ogama imbali ukubalwa ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-100 ukuya 1000. Oku ngokwembali, nayiphi na kwizakhiwo zoshishino, amatyathanga ngemiyinge emincinci, amaziko enkcubeko lula ukuphucula kunokuba ukwenza ezintsha ukusuka ekuqaleni. Ezi nketho kuphela izixeko American ukuba ekuqaleni zacwangciswa njengento agglomeration ukuba amazinga aphezulu lokukhula koqoqosho.

Ngoko ke, makhe senze kwisigqibo emfutshane. agglomeration Urban - yinto yokuhlala structured, oko kukuthi (malunga, imida ecacileyo musa ayisekho) lungohlulwa lube la macandelo alandelayo:

1. Centre of umzi, inxalenye yayo zembali, nto leyo ke ilifa lenkcubeko mmandla. ukuya lakhe ephakeme kunazo ngexesha lasemini, kukho ngokufuthi nezithintelo ukungena kummandla kwezithuthi yakho.
2. Ring olungqonge umbindi, iziko ishishini. Le ndawo inabantu kakhulu kwakhiwa izakhiwo ofisi, ukongeza, kukho inkqubo olunzulu kwamashishini ukutya (iivenkile zokutyela, nemivalo, cafes), imihlaba ngeenkonzo ezinikezelwa yi kwakhona kakhulu ngokubanzi (zokuzilungisa, ndawo zokwenza umthambo neeholo zemidlalo, ateliers fashion njalo. D.). Kukho kuphuhliswa-kakuhle inethiwekhi zentengiso, ingakumbi iivenkile abizayo nge iimveliso kuphela, kukho amaziko karhulumente zolawulo.
3. Le ndawo ophilayo, lalo izakhiwo ezindala. Xa inkqubo agglomeration wayedla kukwabhenelwa zoshishino kwizithili. Oku kungenxa yexabiso eliphezulu umhlaba izakhiwo zokuhlala. Ngenxa yemfuneko rhoqo ngenxa kuyo, isakhiwo nga ezinxulumene ezikhumbuzo izakhiwo kunye nembali, yadilika okanye yala maxesha ukuze ofisi kunye nezinye izakhiwo.
4. Multi-ezinemigangatho yokwakha omkhulu. Long-term (ukulala) iindawo, uveliso kunye nemimandla mveliso. Eli candelo ngokuqhelekileyo ulwalathiso kakhulu zentlalo (izikolo, iindawo ezinkulu ezithengisayo, izibhedlele, amathala eencwadi kunye ezifana. D.).
5. Suburban iindawo, iipaki, imiyezo, iilali-Hewana. Kuxhomekeke kwisayizi kwesithili, le ndawo ephuhlisa Lungisa.

izigaba zophuhliso

Yonke imimandla yeedolophu zehlabathi iinkqubo eziphambili ukubunjwa. zokuhlala abaninzi bayeka kuphuhliso lwabo (kwinqanaba elithile), ezinye ukuqala nje indlela yabo kwaye lonwabe kakhulu kwisakhiwo ukuhlala abantu. Ngaba kwabiwa la manyathelo alandelayo:

1. agglomeration Industrial. Uxhulumaniso phakathi undoqo kunye kwimiphetho ngokususela imiba kwimveliso. izibonelelo kwezaBasebenzi ebotshelelwe njengequmrhu ethile, akukho real estate jikelele kunye nemarike komhlaba.
2. sigaba yamaZiko. Luphawulwa iqondo emsebenzini, ngokulandelelana, benza kwimarike yabasebenzi eqhelekileyo, iziko yayo isixeko esikhulu. abayingxenye agglomeration uqala ukuba Kukubumba icandelo lweenkonzo kunye nemisebenzi zolonwabo.
3. agglomeration Dynamic. Eli nqanaba ubonelela langoku kunye nokudluliselwa amandla emveliso kwi izabelo peripheral. Ngaxeshanye, ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yezicwangciso ekuvumela ukuba wenze ngakumbi coalescence ngokukhawuleza ezingundoqo kunye nemizi satellite. Kukho kwimarike yezemisebenzi eqhelekileyo, nemihlaba, izibonelelo jikelele iyakhiwa.
4. Le agglomeration post-mveliso. Isigaba sokugqibela, nto leyo luphawulwa ekupheleni iinkqubo yentsebenziswano. wonxibelelwano (core-sikwi) ziyaqiniswa zize zandiswe. Uqala ukusebenza ukuphucula ubume agglomeration ukutsala izibonelelo ezininzi nokwandisa imisebenzi.

Iimpawu agglomerations Russian

Ukunyusa izinga lokukhula koqoqosho nophuhliso yemveliso ophezulu zobugcisa, ilizwe lethu kufuneka abe nezicwangciso echazwe kakuhle esibe elizayo kufutshane ebantwini. Ngokwembali, kwabakho imeko apho agglomerations zasezidolophini eRashiya zisekelwe kuphela uhlobo mveliso. Xa uqoqosho izicwangciso oko ngokwaneleyo, kodwa utshintsho kunyanzeleka ukuba kwisigaba yenguqu (ukuyilwa kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho), kwakukho eziliqela iingxaki ekufuneka lwapheliswa iminyaka engama-90. Uphuhliso olulolunye yemimandla embhaxa zifuna ungenelelo kurhulumente kazwelonke. Kungenxa yoko le nto kusifikeleyo oku isihloko idla kuxoxwe ziingcali kunye imizimba ephakamileyo kwamandla karhulumente. Kuyimfuneko ukugqiba nokubuyiselwa, langoku kwenye indawo neenqwelwana zemveliso, nto leyo iza kuqulatha a iinkqubo agglomeration olutshintshayo. Ngaphandle inxaxheba karhulumente njengoko umxhasi kunye nebhunga lolawulo kweli nqanaba ayifumaneki kwizixeko ezininzi. Izinto eziluncedo zoqoqosho agglomerations operating engenakuphikwa, Kuyakhuthaza inkqubo umbutho emhlabeni kunxulumene izixeko needolophu. agglomerations emikhulu yasezidolophini zehlabathi anokwenziwa eRashiya kwixa elizayo. Sinazo zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko, kuyimfuneko ukuba basebenzise ngokuchanekileyo izinto eziphambili - zolawulo.

Le agglomerations inkulu wedolophu Russia

Enyanisweni, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho manani ecacileyo. Ngokutsho inkqubo yovavanyo agglomerations eRashiya ziyakwazi ukuchongeka 22 ezinkulu, siqalisa ngokuthe ngcembe. Kwilizwe lethu oxhaphakileyo uhlobo monocentric wesiseko. agglomeration Urban Russia kwiimeko ezininzi ibekwe kwinqanaba industrial yophuhliso, kodwa unikezelo kwabo izibonelelo ezaneleyo kwabantu kuba nolwando. Inani kunye block ukuyilwa zilungiswe ngokulandelelana ulandelayo (eyi-10):

1. EMoscow.
2. St. Petersburg.
3. Rostov.
4. Samara-Togliatti.
5. Nizhny Novgorod.
6. NaseNovosibirsk.
7. Ekaterinburg.
8. Kazan.
9. EChelyabinsk.
10. Volgograd.

Inani agglomerations ezidolophini eRashiya uyakhula ngenxa yokudalwa kwemibutho entsha, musa ukuba ziquka megacities: ezo kuthatha indawo kwi ngeendleko index resource okanye izinto zoshishino.

agglomeration umhlaba

izibakala Amazing manani zingafumaneka ngokuthi abenza esi sifundo. Abanye baye indawo agglomeration ehlabathini labemi ezinokuthelekiswa kunye nezo lonke ilizwe. Inani lilonke kwezifundo ezinzima ukubala, kuba ingcali nganye usebenzisa ezithile (ezikhethiweyo kuzo) iqela zobumnini okanye omnye wabo. Kodwa xa ucinga ngobukhulu ezilishumi uyakwazi ukubala kwi abavumelana ngayo ziingcali. Ngoko ke:

1. agglomerations emikhulu yasezidolophini zehlabathi - Tokyo, Yokohama. Inani labemi - Abantu million 37,5 (saseJapan).
2. Jakarta (Indonesia).
3. Delhi (India).
4. Seoul-Incheon (South Korea).
5. Manila (Philippines).
6. Shanghai China (PRC).
7. Karachi (Pakistan).
8. New York (USA).
9. Mexico (Mexico).
10. Sao Paulo (saseBrazil).

Iingxaki ze agglomerations ezidolophini

Kuzo zonke iinkalo ezintle kuphuhliso loqoqosho, inkcubeko, kushishino kunye nenzululwazi, kukho eziliqela ethile, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo megacities. Okokuqala, ubukhulu becala yonxibelelwano kunye gqolo umthwalo ngokwandileyo (kuphuhliso esebenzayo) kukhokelela iingxaki yezindlu, ngokulandelelana, sehlise izinga nchavelelo yabemi. Okwesibini, izikim zothutho kunye namalungiselelo azisoloko ukunika inqanaba elifanelekileyo kwezithuthi isantya kweempahla nabantu. Okwesithathu, izinga eliphezulu ezinokosulela kokusingqongileyo (umoya, amanzi, umhlaba). Okwesine, lo agglomeration lokutsala inkoliso yabantu zomsebenzi kwiidolophu ezincinane nto namaqabane awo. Ngenyanga yesihlanu, ukuntsonkotha ulawulo yolawulo imimandla emikhulu. Ezi ngxaki ezaziwayo ezimi yonke ngemizi, kwaye ukujongana nazo kufuna umsebenzi ende kunye nexesha elide zonke izakhiwo mzi.