Uqoqosho Finnish: isakhiwo kushishino

Finland - CONTEMPORARY ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke nangokusebenzayo abaninzi kakhulu amandla kwi European Union. Kwaye nangona yokuba kweli lizwe loxinano liphantsi labemi kwi-EU, imozulu ngqwabalala kakhulu ezibandayo, imigama emide phakathi zokuhlala kunye ezibalulekileyo zokunciphisa ulawulo lwemithombo yendalo nezinto ekrwada. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yoku, uqoqosho Finnish lifumana esibi kakhulu kuxhomekeka semthethweni nkqubo yengingqi, nto leyo rhoqo lukhangelwe mingeni ezaziphila enxulumene akakhawulezi ngokwaneleyo, ungakwazi noba uthi ukuguga olukhawulezileyo zabemi kunye jikelele.

The main zithwala

Country Suomi Ukhethe indlela enzima, ejoliswe ekufezekiseni iinjongo zesizwe, ukomelezwa okhuphiswano entle kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele, kunye nokuphuculwa ngokupheleleyo-ntle bonke abemi beli lizwe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uqoqosho Finnish namhlanje ijolise ekuphuculeni ukusebenza uphuhliso lwengingqi, nto leyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummandla ngamnye urhulumente wakwazi yilo ngokupheleleyo iitalente zabo ifihliwe. Kulo mba, eli lizwe uhlawula ingqalelo ekulondolozeni le ndawo zihlelekileyo nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye iingingqi ukuze kuphuculwe ukuziphatha lwabo kwezoqoqosho kunye ukungavumi ukutshintsha kwibakala lehlabathi. Le indawo ephambili yesicwangciso yangoku Government eFinland.

ulwazi zembali

Imbali kuphuhliso loqoqosho Finnish linamandla kakhulu yaye zikhuthaza. Yiloo nto kuphela kwisigaba engama-1960-1970, xa kwincopho kwafikelelwa kwinani eliphezulu labantu ababezalelwe ngemva kwempi. Yaba ngeli xesha ukufuduka ubalulekileyo yabantu yokusebenza yobudala imimandla yezolimo kwimimandla yolawulo mveliso. Iminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo, uqoqosho Finnish uzinzile kwaye ziphuhliswe ngokulinganayo. Urhulumente uzimisele ukudala uzinzo ngokupheleleyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukunceda ukuphuhlisa imizi eyunivesithi, amaphondo kunye noomasipala. Ukuziqhelisa, oku kwakhokelela ekudalweni kwiilali zeteknoloji ekuthiwa-, ezibe analogue suschestvuschey ngoku US Silicon Valley - indawo apho badibanisa ulangazelelo lwabo iingcali engcono kwiimeko-ehlabathini lonke. Kwaye loo ndlela iinkokeli Finnish kukhokelele kwinto yokuba iinkampani ezininzi baphathwa ngabom kwezi lali ukwenzela ukufumana iziphumo ezifunekayo uphando kunye nophuhliso. Enye iilali zobuchwepheshe kunazo Oulu, onako ukunika amandla enamandla kuphuhliso mmandla.

iingxaki

Uqoqosho Finnish waphelelwa ethile ngo-1990, apho kamva kulandele isigaba se achache. Ubunzima kwi kumbuso kubangelwa kukuba kukho ukulibaziseka ekukhuleni abantu kwiindawo zoshishino zengqesho ubudala ubudala, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ungabe ozimiseleyo imida ekuthiwa-Finland mveliso. Le meko sisixa ngokukhawuleza yabasebenzi ukusuka kwindawo emzantsi-mpuma yeedolophu lizwe. Kulo mzekelo, ummandla kwayijikeleza Helsinki lakhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ukungafani zommandla kuphela potihnonku landa.

Kabanzi, e Uusimaa, Varsinais-Suomi, Pirkanmaa kunye weOstrobothnia Pohoys kwisithuba 1994-2000 ukukhula koqoqosho phakathi 6.5% ngelixa izinga wesizwe we-5%. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko zommandla mandundu kuphela, nentswela-ngqesho wakhula. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngowe-1990, ireyithi yayo 3.2% kweli lizwe, yaye ngo-1995 - sele-15%.

period 2000

Sotsorientirovannaya uqoqosho Finnish kwiminyaka yokuqala kwenkulungwane yama-21 baqalisa ukuba umahluko ngaphantsi, kodwa iinkokeli kunye laggards ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso wakusifunda ushiyeke efanayo. Izinga athobekile kokukhula kwezoqoqosho kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni izikhombisi uphuhliso kwezoqoqosho elungelelaniswe efezekileyo. Okuhamba, kuye kwabakho kuyehla ukufuduka kwabantu kwiindawo ezinkulu kunye namaziko zoshishino, eFinland baninzi benze into ekuthiwa nobuninzi: icandelo lweenkonzo zentlalo baqalisa ukuba ukuxinana ebalulekileyo, amaxabiso lwezindlu baye banda kakhulu yaye eliphezulu kakhulu abaninzi.

Konke oku sibuze kwakhokelela ekubeni into yokuba isimo sokufudukela ukuya namadlelo kunye nomasipala gqa landa. Ukongeza, 2012 yaba kukutshintsha kwezinye iinkalo, njengokuba inkqubo yokunciphisa yabantu yokusebenza iminyaka yobudala eyi-15-64. Ngokutsho kweengcali, ngowama-2025 inani labantu abangaphezulu kweminyaka 64 liya kwandisa kwisithili mali yi-80% xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba lwangoku, naseMpuma Finland uya kufumana ukunqongophala emigudwini, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, anciphise kakhulu kwicandelo lemveliso e nophuhliso eqhubekayo. Ukuphucula ngokoMthetho inani labantu abasebenzayo baya ibonakala kuphela kurhwebo, ukhenketho, ishishini, kunye yezempilo.

izinto ezintle

Ngeempawu ezintle entla lizwe zezi zilandelayo:

• Ukungafihlisikuthetha kuqoqosho eFinland.
• nozinzo kwezopolitiko.
• Kakhulu kuphuhliswa iziseko.
• Ukuthembeka kweenkqubo zonxibelelwano.
• Unxibelelwano ogqibeleleyo phakathi kwishishini, uphando, amaziko ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo zobugcisa kunye neeyunivesithi.
• Isantya yophuhliso lwemveliso ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe.
• A kwinqanaba obaneleyo zemfundo nabantu basekuhlaleni.
• sezulu Optimal ukuze ishishini.

kwicandelo likarhulumente

zaMashishini kaRhulumente inika igalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso lweli lizwe. Ngexesha 1990, kuye ziphelisiwe ezinjalo amashishini alawulwa ngurhulumente, ezifana: Institute of Administration kaRhulumente, eli ziko imephu, ukupapasha nabanye abaninzi. Kodwa ethole privatisation kwenxenye:

• "Qhubekani '(yokucokisa kunye namachiza).
• "Fortum" (icandelo energy).
• "Outokumpu" (ukuvelisa).
• "Valmet" (obunjineli boomatshini).
• "Sampo" yaye "Sponda" (iinkonzo zemali, ezithengiswayo).
• "Stora Enso" (nezemithi, zokusebenza kunye noshishino Intlama nePhepha).

Ngeli xesha ka 1990-2000. Privatisation uzisele kaNondyebo kaRhulumente 11 billion US zeerandi.

ethile yezoshishino

Finland (uqoqosho yelizwe namhlanje luhlangabezana ukukhula kancinci xa kuthelekiswa nezinye European Union) njengokuba amacandelo omkhulu ehlathini, ulwazi, ezonxibelelwano, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, amandla, umatshini-isakhiwo, iimveliso zokutya, ishishini lokwakha, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zoshishino. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba icandelo lezolimo kwixesha 1940-1950 uzise ngaphezu kwama-25% yelizwe ngayo kwimveliso kuzwelonke, kunye imihla yethu - 3%. Kwindawo yokuqala basinda ikhola, nto leyo yenza malunga ne-60% ye-GNP. Kude kube 1980, iye ikhule ngokuthe chu kwaye isabelo kwempembelelo kwezoshishino, kodwa namhlanje isabelo wayo obekwe kwi-28%.

Ukuvuselela imithi

Amahlathi - ubutyebi engundoqo karhulumente eFinland. Phakathi iinkampani eziphambili iinkuni processing kuvela: UPM-Kymmene, Stora Enso kunye Metsä Group. Hi ndlela leyi, inkampani ihlabathi yaziwa Nokia iye yaqalisa imisebenzi yayo ushishino kokuvulwa okusila yintlama, kwaye kuphela ekuqaleni kuka-1990 wagqiba ekubeni kuyiwe kwinqanaba ngomnxeba.

Ngelo xesha ka-2007 10% kokuthunyelwa zizonke ihlabathi zombini yehlathi Intlama nePhepha neemveliso zibe eFinland. Kunye nexabiso ngaphandle kwephepha zokuprinta yonke enye-sesihlanu ngaphandle iyonke.

Insimbi nobunjineli boomatshini

uqoqosho Finland kaThixo ingxenye imelwe ziinkampani ezifana:

• Sisu Auto - ukuveliswa iilori nezithuthi ekhethekileyo nxalenye ezininzi iimfuno zamashishini wokhuselo lo.
• Wärtsilä - uvelise iinjini yendawo yogcino kwezakhono ezahlukileyo, iindlela esijijwayo uhlobo, seals, iinkqubo zolawulo njalo njalo.
• Wekman - producer tiles yesinyithi.
• Kone - uvelisa bekwilift, uhambisa zeenyawo, escalators kunye asuse umkhweli.
• Abloy - wonke umenzi odumileyo lweenkqubo itshixa, izitshixo, hardware zokwakha, izitshixo, kuquka electromechanical.
• Rautaruukki - umenzi izakhi for ukwakhiwa kunye yodidi ezizodwa.
• Outokumpu - uvelisa insimbi.

Kwakhona kuzisa kungeniso First Quantum Minerals imisebenzi inkampani, nto leyo amagunya yaye inxaxheba kuphuhliso likhulu Finnish yam nickel zomhlaba, elise eLapland. imithamo yemveliso e kuluhlu tons million 10 nyaka ngamnye.

Ekupheleni kuka-2015, abantu 121.000 inxaxheba kwicandelo lobunjineli. Ngokuphathelele kumazwe angaphandle, 2015 waba kakhulu nempumelelo shishino. Nzuzo ukusuka kwiintengiso yaba euro 12.6 bhiliyoni.

Ishishini sobhedu ezizodwa ekuvelisweni kwensimbi. Emva iziphumo ka 2015 Finland wayesendleleni ndawo yesi-31 ehlabathini ngokwemigaqo umthamo lilonke zokunyibilikiswa ngentsimbi (million 3.9 iitoni). okugaya Steel ukugubungela ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zabo bonke isimo zesinyithi angaphakathi emarikeni.

imboni chemical

Alexa zibalwa yesithathu ekubunjweni GDP Finland kaThixo. imveliso yemichiza yi malunga kwinqanaba elifanayo kweli lizwe iminyaka emininzi, ngenxa yobukho kwemfuno kakhulu kunene, hayi nje kuphela kweli zonaniso lwangaphandle, kodwa kwi lwasekhaya.

Malunga ne-60% kuzo zonke imveliso yemichiza ethengiswa kwi European Union kunye naseMpuma Europe. uqoqosho Finland namhlanje becala bakhoyo uphuhliso yayo loo Titans kushishino imichiza, ezifana:

• "Kemira" - iqela, iingcali kwimveliso imichiza, izichumisi, ipeyinti, lacquers, nentlaka, yokuncamathelisa. Yiyo lo sigebenga nguye kuphela umenzi ehlabathini iipasela epheleleyo kwemichiza eliphezulu-grade ngokuba mhlophe ido- yephepha. Kwakhona phambili yehlabathi ekuvelisweni formic acid.
• "Kemira Khula njani" - njengoko zithwala eziphambili iqela lomsebenzi wakhetha ukuveliswa izichumiso kunye nokutya kwezilwanyana.
• "Tikkurila" - enkulu Endala yeHlabathi umenzi mveliso, ukwakhiwa kunye ipeyinti zasekhaya. Ukongeza kumashishini ebekwe ngqo eFinland, i Group iifektri zayo e Latvia, Poland, Estonia, eNetherlands, Italy, eNgilani naseRashiya.

Hi ndlela leyi, phantse-40% yabo bonke abasebenzi kolu shishino ababandakanyekayo processing of iiplastiki. Abavelisi inkulu Polymer zezi: "ezimibalabala" Polimers Oy "," uDina Chemicals ".

yokudla

uqoqosho eFinland kwakhe kwaye ngokufutshane ngazo kweli nqaku, ngeendlela ezininzi kuxhomekeke yokudla, leyo, ngasendleleni, kakhulu olubuthathaka ubunzima ukusuka ukwayo ukuziphindiselela yi-Russian Federation, esamiselwa ngo-Agasti 2014. Ngokukodwa, inkampani Valio specialising ekuvelisweni iimveliso zobisi, uye imisiwe imigca yalo imveliso, leyo swi ekuphunyezweni imarike Russian.

Enye kwamashishini ezikhokelela kushishino yokutya eFinland nkampani Fazer - itshokolethi umenzi odumileyo. Umthamo omkhulu coffee eveliswe yi Paulig Group.

Endle kweenkampani imveliso utywala kukho iinkokheli elililo Sinebrychoff (ukusebenza ukususela ngo-1819) kunye Hartwall.

zobunjineli Electronic and zombane

Le isebe eli lizwe iquka ukukhululwa umbane, ngomnxeba, izixhobo zonyango, kwaye igqalwa kakhulu abaxhakaxhaka candelo kuqoqosho of Finland. Umda inkulu abavelisi zezi: "ABB", "Nokia", "Ensto Finland Oy" yaye "Vaisala".

Ngo-2015, ishishini uzisele mali Finnish ka-6.6 billion kowethu, nto leyo 3% ngaphantsi kwe inani ngo-2014. Ngelo xesha onke amashishini le kwisigaba aqeshwe abantu 40 500. Ke ukuba nemveliso umthamo izinto ze-elektroniki kunye zombane, ngoko eFinland kuyo lifinyele. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ilizwe inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu iindleko zemveliso, yaye ngenxa yoko ke uninzi yenkampani Finnish kuye wayikhupha ezinye imigca yabo imveliso ngaphandle ngurhulumente ukuze uzinzise nengeniso kwanokukwazi ukukhuphisana kwimveliso.

imikhumbi

Ukuveliswa iinqanawa kunye nezixhobo elwandle - phantse sisiseko kwiindawo ezifana kuqoqosho Finland. Ngamafutshane, le shishino kucingwa kakhulu amanqanaba aphezulu-teknoloji shishino. Iingcali ziqikelela imarike Finnish kweli lizwe-1% yemveliso lilonke kwihlabathi iinqanawa, ethwala, neziye, ice-kumhlaba okufutshane. Yesebe imisebenzi 20 amawaka. Namhlanje e Finland shipyards ezisixhenxe yakhiwe, ezona zinabantu ise e Turku, yaye ligxininisa ukwakhiwa ethwala cruise.

inkqubo nelawula

Xa kwimicimbi yolawulo karhulumente Finnish ngokusekelwe ummiselo nemeko yoqoqosho. EFinland, njengelungu epheleleyo European Union, ngocoselelo kakhulu uthobela yonke imithetho ekhoyo kunye nemiyalelo ye-European Commission, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, oku akusoloko kuchaphazela ngokukhuselekileyo ishishini eFinland. Hi xikombiso, le Directive on ukucuthwa ukukhutshwa kwegesi carbon kukhokelele kukunciphisa kakhulu kumazwe ahambele phambili ngenxa amaxabiso onyukayo lwamashishini yokusebenza ekuphumezeni iimfuno zawo.

Economy e Finland (irhafu leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, kakhulu eliphezulu kwaye ube ukuya ku amane ekhulwini abantu zabucala) sikhatshwa umsebenzi ecacileyo umthetho wokhuseleko lwabathengi, nto leyo eye yatshintsha ngo-2013. Ukongeza, isebenza ngempumelelo umthetho antitrust, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, lilawulwa linani ngezenzo zomthetho ingcamango-out.

inkokeli nokhunye

«Posti Finland Economy» (Posti Finland Economy) - inkampani enkulu Finnish ngokukodwa inkqubo kunye hambisa iintlobo ngeentlobo yempahla zorhwebo. Le nkampani isebenza kunye uphethe Yanwen. Ukuqalela ngoMatshi 25, 2015 «Posti Finland Economy" iqukiwe kuluhlu iindlela ekucetyiswa ukuba ekunikezeleni kwenye kwiindawo zokuthenga kakhulu ethandwa Aliexpress. Le sayithi uncoma indlela delivery lokuthumela imithwalo ngaphantsi kwe $ 7. Ngoncedo lwe «Posti Finland Economy" wathenga tracking impahla idlule ngokukhawuleza nangokucacileyo. Le umqhubi uthungelwano ngokubanzi ramified kwabo izinto zabo, apho abathengi ziya bakhonza phantse nangoko kwaye umgangatho elifanayo. Ukongeza, i "iposi uqoqosho zaseFinland" inikeza nabathengi eziliqela iinkonzo online (kokubini kunye nezabucala corporate), ukuze uqhelane nayo ukuba iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe website esemthethweni ye nkampani.

Banking ne-inshorensi

Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2015, kwiziko lemali 291 ibhalisiwe eFinland. 279 - ukuba iibhanki, 11 - mali mali, ezimbini zazo ngekhompyutha (ngo-2014 ngenxa yotshintsho kumthetho yabo idla band eyahlukileyo elimxinwa).

Ibhanki likhulu Finland - OP-Pohjola Group, nto leyo eye amasebe 450 kwaye isebenzisa 12.3 amawaka abantu. Kulandela ibhanki ebizwa Nordea Pankki Finland Plc kunye nenani labasebenzi 7.4 amawaka abantu.

Inxalenye engundoqo yonke karhulumente kwenkqubo mali neebhanki ezikhethekileyo nezorhwebo. Phela, Finland - inkokeli engagungqiyo in Northern Europe kwenani labahlali nganye kwiziko lemali omnye. Eli nani ilingana amawaka 15 abantu kwi iyunithi zebhanki.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngokwaneleyo ombi kwicandelo lezoqoqosho kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukuhla kwixabiso asethi yonke necandelo leebhanki. Ngumthamo opheleleyo amaziko ezemali Finland xa January 1, 2016 yaba kancinane ngaphezulu kwe 684 ezigidi kowethu, eseyiphantse-3% ngaphantsi kwe ngo-2015. Ukunciphisa oku kwenzeka kuba ivolyum ezibolekisa yehle ngomyinge kubaboleki ezininzi zaseYurophu.

isiphelo

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Finland, Russia (uqoqosho lwabo ngoku lokuzibona ayikho xesha best) - eli lizwe, efuna eyiyo ngokukhawuleza qala ulwalamano lwabo ngokuchasene nentsukaphi yokuqhubeka izohlwayo zabo. Iinkokeli zombini iintlanga wazi kakuhle ukuba ubomi na ukuma ngxi yaye ngokukhawuleza makatshintshe kwimingeni sele yokwenene yethu kabuhlungu.