Ulwakhiwo, iNjongo kunye neSifundo seNzululwazi njengeSayensi

I-Psychology njengoko isayensi ihlola indlela yokuziphatha kunye neenkqubo zengqondo ezenzeka engqondweni yomntu.

Isihloko sengqondo njengezesayensi kwiinqanaba ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwayo zenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kuze kubekho inkulungwane ye-18, kwiimpawu zendabuko, umphefumlo womntu uthathwa njengesifundo sayo . NgesiNgesi esinobugcisa bokusebenzisana kwengqondo (J. St. Mill, D. Gartley, G. Spencer, A. Ben) kwakuyimbuzo yezinto eziqaphelayo. Ngokwakheko (W. Wundt), umxholo wabonwa kwimeko yamava. Ukusebenza ngokusebenzayo (F. Brentano) kuthathwa njengezenzo zokuziqonda.

Isihloko sengqondo njengezesayensi, ukuqala nge-IM Sechenov (i-psychophysiology), iyaqondwa njengemvelaphi yeentlobo zengqondo yomsebenzi. Ngokuziphatha (J. Watson) into ephambili yayikuziphatha. I-Psychoanalysis, ephethwe nguZ. Freud, yajika ingenazi nto.

Ingongoma yeengqondo njengesi-science kwi-gestalt psychology (i-Max Wertheimer) ichazwa njengeenkqubo zokucwangcisa nokucwangcisa ulwazi, kunye neziphumo zezi nkqubo. Ngengqondo yesintu (A. Maslow, V. Frankl, K. Rogers, uRollo Meyi), izazinzulu zihlawula ingqwalasela enkulu ekufundeni amava omntu.

Kwizenzululwazi zasekhaya ekuqaleni kokusekwa kwengqondo yeSoviet njengenjalo, umbuzo wendlela yokufumanisa isifundo sengqondo njengoko isayensi yayingakhangeli kakhulu. Kuphela ngo-thirties isihloko saqala ukuchazwa ngokuthi "ukuvakalelwa, iingcinga, iimvakalelo, iingcamango zomntu".

UHalperin wachaza isihloko sengqondo njengemisebenzi yokuqhelanisa (kule ngcamango kwakuquka iifom zeengcinga zengqondo yomntu, kunye neemvakalelo, iimfuno, ziya kuba).

Ngaloo ndlela, ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kwesayensi, isifundo sengqondo siye sabizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yengqondo, kunye namazwe achaphazelekayo kunye neempahla zabantu, kwakunye neendlela zokuziphatha kwazo. Inendima ebalulekileyo kule nto inikezelwa ekufundeni indalo yolwazi, ukuphuhliswa kwayo, ukusebenza kunye nokuxhamla nokuziphatha ngokubanzi kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngabantu.

Isakhiwo sengqondo njengesazinyathelo kwisigaba samanje sophuhliso lwazo kunzima. Kukho izakhiwo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo eziqulunqwe ngabaphathi beengqondo.

Izakhiwo ze-Ananiev zengqondo kwiingxenye ezifundisisa iinkalo zengqondo kunye nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukhetha icandelo elenza uphando lwe- ongeny yomntu njengomntu (ngokubanzi, ukuhlukana, iminyaka, i-onpsychophysiology, i-psychophysiology); Icandelo elenza uphando ngobuntu kuyo yonke indlela yokuphila kwayo (ngokubanzi, ukwahlula, ukuthelekisa, ingqondo, ingqondo, ingqondo yengqondo, i-psychology of relationships); Icandelo lokuphonononga umntu njengomxholo wesenzo (ingqondo yengqondo, umsebenzi, ubugcisa, jikelele kunye neengqondo zemizimba).

I-Ganzen ikhetha loo masebe yesayensi njengengqondo jikelele, i-psychophysiology, i-psychophysics, ingqondo yezilwanyana, izifundo zeqela, uphuhliso (phylogenesis, ongeny, anthropogenesis, ukuthelekisana), umsebenzi (ukuziphatha, umsebenzi, ukuqonda, ukunxibelelana) , UkuThuthukiswa koLuntu), ukungqubuzana kombono, ukungafani (ukungabikho komthetho), ukungafani kohlanga, ukungafani komntu).

I-Platonov izakhiwo zenzululwazi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-jikelele, i-psychology yophuhliso, i-pedagogical, i-medical, i- labor, i-psychology yezemidlalo, indawo, i-aircraft, impi, yomthetho, yoluntu.

Into ephambili yeengqondo njengesazi ngumntu okanye iqela labantu (kunye nezilwanyana) njengabathwali be-psyche. Bafundwa kwaye bahlolisiswe ngeendlela zenzululwazi ukuchonga iingcebiso ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokudala iingcamango ezintsha zesayensi.

I-Psychology ifuna ukuphendula umbuzo: kutheni umntu eziphatha ngale ndlela, kungekhona ngenye indlela kwimo ethile. Ngokumalunga nalokhu, indlela efana ne-psyche, elawula zonke iinjongo kunye nezenzo zokuziphatha zomntu, uphando.