Zeziphi ezi zixeko ugqushagqusha ehlabathini?

Yeyiphi isixeko ifanelwe isihloko kakhulu ingqalelo indalo ehlabathini? Kwezinye iindawo kukho isoyikiso sokwenene impilo kunye nobomi babantu? Makhe khetha top 10 izixeko ezininzi ugqushagqusha ehlabathini.

Sumgait

isixeko Azerbaijani of Sumgait yasekwa ngo-40 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ekuqaleni, kuye ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu labantu apho. Phakathi kwenkulungwane inani abemi ngaphezu kwindawo yesine yesigidi. Kungekudala waqalisa khona ukuba wayenokuqiniseka ukunqongophala kwezindlu. Ngoko ke, inxalenye enkulu yabemi kwafuneka nje badlali kumagumbi emxinwa iihostele ezininzi.

Nangona kunjalo, lo intsilelo yezindlu yaba abahlali Sumgayit na ingxaki enkulu. Kwingingqi elinemifanekiso lagxila yonke eninzi kwiiplanti zeekhemikali, umsebenzi apho amashumi eminyaka uye uhlobo kanye esivumba yintlango yokuba zingenangcambu zoma kwaphela.

Okwangoku e Sumgait, nto leyo imi kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-30 ukusuka kwikomkhulu Azerbaijani Baku, ikhaya kubantu malunga 260.000. Ngamaxesha Soviet, iye ezimalunga nama-40 iifektri kwisithili esixekweni, nto leyo ezenza imveliso ezininzi wemichiza. Amashishini amakhulu, ezifana "Khimprom", "weAluminiyam", "Organic Udibaniso", Kusekho ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo.

Ngonyaka ngamnye kwi-atmosfera phezu isixeko betekisi ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-70 ukuya kwezili-120 kukuphuma eziyingozi, nto leyo ezibangelwa nokusingatha iikhompawundi yeKhlorini aqulethe, irabha, izinyithi enzima, kwakunye nokuveliswa zinambuzane, abacoci zasekhaya. Namhlanje, enkosi esweni kokusingqongileyo, ungcoliseko kummandla lehla. Noko ke, nkqu ezo izinto ukuba zikhutshelwa emoyeni, ngokwaneleyo emanzini yendawo umhlaba uba yaphela.

imeko ezingantlanga eziphilayo ayikwazanga kodwa kuchaphazela impilo yabantu. Ngenxa yoko, izinga kwezifo ezisongela ubomi ziphakamile ngaphezu kwe-50% xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindawo kweli lizwe. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba Sumgait ngonyaka engena nokubeka imizi ugqushagqusha ehlabathini.

Linfen

Ukuqhubeka beya kulibhala izixeko 10 angcoliswe kakhulu ehlabathini, umntu akakwazi ngoyaba kwelinye lamaziko amakhulu kwimizi e-China phantsi egameni Linfen. It imi kummandla wamalahle-yokombiwa iphambili kweli lizwe. place ndana intaba yendalo nje kodwa wamachaphaza enezigcayiseli ngenxa nezokukhupha kwezimbiwa. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi kwimigodi wenze imveliso mthethweni. Waste umsebenzi wabo imini nobusuku kunokulonakalisa iidiphozithi zomhlaba ngaphantsi komhlaba.

Noko ke, imigodi ezininzi kukho inkathazo encinci. Ukongeza emigodini, kwabuzwa izityalo amalahle asebenza kwisithili esixekweni. Kunye enjengokukhula kwenani labemi, nto leyo kwakhona abasebenzi abasandul 'ukufika, ndakumandisa inani iimoto. ezikhutshwayo zazo idibene zeemoto ayingozi izinto kwi-atmosfera kumashishini asekuhlaleni ziye zakhokelela nomxholo esiyityhefu ezinkulu apha emoyeni.

abahlali besixeko kufuneka kuphuma iimaski zokuzikhusela ukuba lokucoca ubuthi ezinobungozi kwaye ngokuyinxenye ukuphelisa namalahle ivumba abuhlungu. Ungcoliseko lomoya e Linfen kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba yangaphantsi emva kokuhlanjwa, hung ngefestile iye abamnyama ngokupheleleyo emva kwemizuzwana embalwa. Abahlali ezininzi umzi baphethwe nephika, inyumoniya, nezinye izifo zemiphunga.

Kabwe

Siza kuqhubekeka ukuqwalasela imizi angcoliswe kakhulu ehlabathini. Elandelayo lweFIFA - Kabwe mzi, ibekwe 150 km ukusuka isizwe Afrika eyinkunzi eZambia kaThixo. Yaziwa kulo bendawo efakwa inkulu ehlabathini zeengxondorha abakhokelayo-rich. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane apha isantya metal mveliso zinetyhefu misela. Ukunqongophala ukulawula imeko yokusingqongileyo kule ngingqi kukhokelela kakhulu ungcoliseko lomoya, komhlaba kunye nomhlaba. Kumgama amashumi yeekhilomitha ukusuka sixeko yingozi ukuba ukusela amaqula, kodwa nje ukuze siphefumle umoya. Akumangalisi ke, ipesenteji iikhompawundi abakhokelayo egazini lidlula kwabemi isixeko izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-10 imida yokwakha.

Dzerzhinsk

Uluhlu ezininzi izixeko ugqushagqusha ehlabathini owayo Russian Dzerzhinsk. ilifa yiSoviet yale zokuhlala kukho izakhiwo ezinkulu lezoshishino processing of izinto imichiza ekrwada. Kuphela kwixesha ukusuka kumhlaba yendawo 1930 "natyetyiswa" ngaphezulu kwama-300 kweetoni eziliwaka iikhompawundi eziyityhefu.

Ngokutsho uphando yakutshanje, namhlanje inani phenols ezisongela ubomi kunye iidioksini umhlaza kumanzi zasekuhlaleni igqithe imigangatho yokusebenza amaxesha iwaka ezimbalwa. Avareji inkunzi sokuphila apha malunga 42 iminyaka, nabafazi - iminyaka engama-47. Njengoko oku kungasentla, akumangalisi ukuba Dzerzhinsk ziqukwe kuluhlu, leyo imizi ongcolileyo kokuphilayo kwehlabathi.

Norilsk

Ukususela kwiminyaka yokuqala ikhona, i-Russian Norilsk yongezwe kuluhlu, leyo imizi ongcolileyo elimiweyo umoya. Ne-imi- 50 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, le dolophu unalo igama lokuba omnye iinkokeli kushishino enzima kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu.

Ngokutsho idatha yakutshanje kuMbutho lokulawula imeko esingqongileyo kweli lizwe ngonyaka likhipha zasekuhlaleni ngaphezulu kwe 1000 okulahlwayo mveliso zinetyhefu lokubola nickel nangobhedu. Xa umoya Igcwele ezibalulekileyo sulphur oxide. Ngenxa yoko, umlinganiselo wokuphila labantu bendawo yehliswa iminyaka 10-15 kuthelekiswa nabanye lizwe.

La Oroya

iziko Peruvian woshishino La Oroya iwela kwi phezulu apho kukho imizi angcoliswe kakhulu ehlabathini. Okuncinane indawo idolophu emazantsi eentaba i Andes, apho nsimbi bebekelwa iintsimbi zixhaphakileyo. Kule khosi amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi bekwi nezokukhupha ilothe, nobhedu, izinc kunye nezinye izimbiwa ngendlela engazange mveliso. Kulo mzekelo, imeko esingqongileyo kwi wakusifunda ushiyeke ngaphandle kweliso yi kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo. Namhlanje isixeko La Oroya eyaziwa kabuhlungu kuMzantsi Melika njengendawo apho kukho izinga lokusweleka kakhulu phakathi kwabantwana.

Sukinde

Ukuqwalasela imizi ugqushagqusha ehlabathini kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kwiziko Indiya industrial Sukinde. Ikhupha ngaphezulu kwe 95% ye chromium kweli lizwe. Ngenxa yokuba esi sixeko kumashumi nje eminyaka, iye yaba yokulahla real lwenkunkuma. Kwisithili kule lali, kukho udonga lokungqinga ezininzi ukuba ngokupheleleyo imvelaphi ezenziwe ngabantu.

Umoya ngaphezu Sukinde betekisi ngetoni hexavalent chromium. Kuyinto into eyaziwa ngokuba ngumnxibelelanisi enamandla ekhokelela ukuyilwa iiseli somhlaza emzimbeni. Xa kukuninzi kukho carcinogen ifumaneka nje emoyeni, kodwa kwakhona kumhlaba kunye namanzi, esiza kusetyenziswa abahlali besixeko, Ndiphe ndisele.

Chernobyl

Njengoko yaziwa, loo ntlekele eChernobyl, owenzeka eminyaka eyadlulayo, uhlala unanamhla kakhulu embi yemoto umntu-eyabangelwa emhlabeni ngo kwimbali yoluntu. Sele kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kukuqhushumba izityalo amandla reactor enyukliya, inani lamaxhoba phakathi kwabantu ligqithe inani ka-5.5 yezigidi. Ingozi enkulu-scale wazenza azalufanelekela ubomi nje kuphela kwesona sixeko Pripyat, kodwa kwakhokelela ekubunjweni kwirediyasi ommandla wokuthinta le km 30 ngeenxa elalini.

Qho ngonyaka Chernobyl isoloko zabekwa kuluhlu, apho kukho imizi angcoliswe kakhulu ehlabathini. Amakhulu eetoni neplutoniyam aphuculweyo kunye uranium nangoku buzinze kwindawo apho ibekwe khona reactor esihle. Ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, kummandla oko zibandakanyiwe kwi bendawo yokuthinta, uyaqhubeka aphile abantu malunga nezigidi ezintlanu.

Vapi

Indian emzini Vapi luthathe ngaphezu kwama-70 amawaka abantu. Bonke bephela kwiindawo apho kukho ukwanda umngcipheko kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nobomi. Njengoko data bemibutho zokusingqongileyo, okwangoku akukho technology owawuza wengingqi acocekileyo komoya, amanzi umhlaba ngenxa izinto eziyityhefu.

Vapi ukwakweli ummandla ibhanti ubude yelizwe woshishino malunga 400 neekhilomitha. amashishini Local uphephe iindleko imali ukuze zirisayikilisheke, leyo bafumbe kwi zindawo engenasizathu ngokupheleleyo kwi-ofisi yesithili semfundo mzi. Vapi naye uhlobo yokulahla inkunkuma kwiindawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane.

Apha kukho olwenzeka enkulu iikhemikhali inkunkuma, umqhaphu, amashishini ioli nokusulungekiswa. enzima, buthi, izinambuzane, equlethe chlorine kunye nempahla mercury ukuwa imihla emlanjeni kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba, esala imithombo ezinkulu okusela nabantu basekuhlaleni. Ukuze siqonde kwisikali intlekele yendalo, khangela nje emlanjeni Colac, nto leyo ibekwe kufuphi Vapi. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, amanzi wale mithandazo akukho ubomi eziphilayo.

Ekuphetheni

Ngoko wajonga koko zixeko ugqushagqusha ehlabathini bafanelwe ngokwenene isimo sabo. Enyanisweni, uluhlu zokuhlala ezisongela ubomi kuquka amakhulukhulu izixeko kwihlabathi jikelele. Xa rankings zethu thina thaca kuphela mizekelo okuphawulekayo yaba sengqondo Ozidelayo umntu ngendalo endaweni yazo.