Ukunyibilika ngobhedu emanzini acids

Isiseko iimpawu imichiza lweziqalelo kakhulu ukukwazi kwabo inyibilike ndlela zolwelo kunye asidi. Study lweempawu ezinxulumene ukususela ubhedu esebenzayo ngaphantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. A inkalo yomsebenzi ngemichiza yi ukuyilwa iikhompawundi ne-amoniya, imetyhuri, nitric kunye asidi sulphuric. Low ukunyibilika ubhedu emanzini lingenako kubangela iinkqubo umhlwa. S iipropati ezithile imichiza semvelo, uvumela ukusebenzisa umchiza-mveliso eyahlukeneyo.

inkcazelo element

Copper kubhekwa indala zesinyithi, apho bafunda indlela yokwenza abantu BC ngakumbi. Le nto ilungisiwe ukususela kwimithombo yendalo ngohlobo ore. Copper-ebizwa imichiza isiqalelo etafileni kwigama lesiLatini cuprum, ogama ulandelelwano inani ilingana 29. Kule nkqubo ngamaxesha athile, ukuba ibekwe kwixesha yesine kwaye lol kwiqela lokuqala.

into Natural sisinyithi pink-red enzima kunye nesakhiwo ethambileyo kunye oluthambileyo. Iqondo lobushushu okubila nawokunyibilika zayo - 1000 ° C. Kuyinto umqhubi elungileyo.

Ubume iikhemikhali kunye neempawu

Xa uhlolisisa indlela ngekhompyutha ye atom sobhedu, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubona ukuba onomlinganiselo 4. Kwi Valence 4-Orbital yi electron enye kuphela. Ngexesha ekudibaneni kwemichiza ukuze lwanamathela ukusuka atom kwamasuntswana 1 ukuya 3 kakubi ityala, ngoko ke khompawundi zobhedu ifunyenwe igcwala zikarhulumente +3,-phinde ngo 2, +1. Kuye kakhulu nezakhi zayo uzinzo divalent.

Xa ekudibaneni kwemichiza, esisebenza ngayo njengoko intsimbi esezantsi-msebenzi. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ukunyibilika yobhedu emanzini engekhoyo. Xa umoya owomileyo umhlwa ayenziwanga watshoyo, kodwa ngokufudumeza phezu metal isale kunye namona black oxide ayoni. ukumelana Chemical sobhedu kuboniswa sisenzo anhydrous inani iigesi carbon of iikhompawundi organic, nentlaka phenol, kunye alkoholi. Lubonakala yi indlela complexation kunye nokukhululwa iikhompawundi ezinemibala. Ubhedu has a sendiselane eliphantsi kunye kwealkali iqela metal kubopheleleka ukwenza inani avela of monovalent.

Yintoni na ukunyibilika?

Le nkqubo lokusekwa iinkqubo yohlobo olunye ngokohlobo izisombululo ngokuhlanganisa compound elinye kunye nezinye izinto. amacandelo zabo molekyuli ngamnye, athom, ion kunye nezinye amasuntswana. The degree of ukunyibilika ixhomekeke kwindlela ekwakugquba ngayo iziyobisi, nto leyo itshitshisiwe kumalungiselelo kwesisombululo ifumile.

Iyunithi yomlinganiselo amaninzi Iipesenti, umthamo okanye ubunzima amaqhezu. Ukunyibilika ngobhedu emanzini, ezinye iikhompawundi ezifana uhlobo eqinileyo, phantsi kuphela utshintsho phantsi kweemeko obushushu. Le budlelwane oluvakaliswe amagophe. Ukuba lo mzobo incinane kakhulu, iyeza uthathwa ukuba ezingenakunyibilika.

Ukunyibilika ngobhedu an zolwelo medium

Metal liveza nokumelana phantsi amanyathelo olwandle. Oku kungqina inertness yayo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukunyibilika ngobhedu emanzini (fresh) Oku anayenza. Kodwa kwindawo emanzi naphantsi isiphumo carbon dioxide phezu metal akhiwa tapes eluhlaza nto leyo carbonate esisiseko:

Cu + Cu + O ₂ + H ₂ Owu + CO ₂ → Cu (OH) ₂ · CuCO _2.

Xa siqwalasela monovalent layo elibona njenge ityuwa, kuba wabona ngamanyala lawo okuncinane. izinto ezifana zixhomekeke igcwala ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko compound sobhedu divalent. Ezi iityuwa babe ukunyibilika okulungileyo eendaba zolwelo. Ngaba dissociation yabo epheleleyo ion.

acid ukunyibilika

EziQhelekileyo iimeko basabela percolation sobhedu asidi ezibuthathaka okanye sobisi musa isandla benxibelelana. Kubekho Akukho imichiza yentsimbi alkalis. Ukunyibilika ngobhedu asidi unako, ukuba arhente enamandla oxidizing. Kuphela kulo mzekelo, unxibelelwano kwenzeka.

Ukunyibilika ngobhedu nitric acid

Le ndlela kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kukho eyomeleleyo reagent metal igcwala. -Nitric acid exutywe ifomu kanzulu kwaye eveza iimpawu kunye nokonakala oxidative zezobhedu.

In lwalo lokuqala ifunyenwe ngexesha indlela nitrate yobhedu bivalent nitrogen oxide umlinganiselo 75% kwi-25%. Inkqubo ne yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano nitric acid kungachazwa yi i'quadratic kulandelayo:

8HNO ₃ + 3Cu → 3Cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO + NO + 4H ₂ O.

Kwimeko yesibini, nitrate yobhedu nitrogen oxides divalent kunye tetravalent kabani om-1 ukuya 1. Le nkqubo ibandakanya 1 adla otyhidiweyo kunye abamenzelayo 3 kanzulu nitric acid. Xa kupheliswa ubhedu a zokufudumeza ngamandla yesisombululo, nto leyo yokubola thermal of oxidant kwenzeka Nokubuyiselwa isixa esongezelelweyo kwenitrojeni:

4HNO ₃ + Cu → Cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO ₂ + NO ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Indlela abasabela ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso abasakhasayo, ezinxulumene kunye nokuqwalaselwa ezilahliweyo okanye ukususa inkunkuma ngeso lenyama. Nangona kunjalo, indlela enjalo dutywa ubhedu lineqela ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nokukhululwa izixa ezikhulu kwenitrojeni. Ukuba zifake okanye yokungenelela kuzo ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Ezi nkqubo imali eninzi kakhulu.

ngamanyala Nobhedu ingqalelo epheleleyo xa kukho kumiwe ngokupheleleyo imveliso kwenitrojeni aziphethe. Iqondo lobushushu asabela isusela ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya kuma-70 ° C. Inyathelo elilandelayo ukuthotywa isisombululo ye-reactor kwemichiza. Emazantsi kukho ngamaceba ngentsimbi leyo engakhange ngayo. Ukuze ulwelo ngenxa kongezelelwa amanzi kunye nama yenziwa.

Ukunyibilika in sulphuric acid

Ngesiqhelo akwenzeki indlela abasabela ngayo. Onefuthe ngamanyala ngobhedu sulphuric acid, yinto xi eyomeleleyo. Ihlanjululwa medium akakwazi oxidize metal. Ukuchithwa ngobhedu sulphuric acid wamandla okuphuma kunye ukukhululwa sulphate.

Inkqubo oluvakaliswe equation kulandelayo:

Cu + H ₂ SO ₄ + H ₂ SO ₄ → CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + SO _2.

Iimpawu sulfate yobhedu

Salt dibasic ezikwabizwa ngokuba sulfate, ityumbe njenge: CuSO _4. Kuyinto into ngaphandle nayiphi ivumba iimpawu, babonise akukho hexa. Ifom anhydrous ye ityuwa ithe ayaba umbala, kuba ngaphaya kwawo, ukuba hygroscopicity phezulu. Ngobhedu (sulfate) ukunyibilika elungileyo. iimolekyuli Amanzi, iityuwa wokujoyina ube crystalline ukuphilisa compound. Umzekelo sulfate sobhedu, nto leyo blue topotecan. ifomula yayo: CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O.

Crystalline ukuphilisa semvelo ithinti oluhlaza isakhiwo transparent, ukuba babonise ukrakra abanike, incasa sisinyithi. Iimolekyuli unokuphulukana amanzi idibene ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwindalo, eyafunyanwa ngohlobo izimbiwa, eziquka chalcanthite kunye butit.

Obala sulfate ubhedu. Ukunyibilika yi ukusabela exothermic. isixa esikhulu ubushushu iveliswe kwinkqubo iityuwa ukuxovwa.

Ukunyibilika ngobhedu nangentsimbi

Ngenxa yenkqubo le pseudoalloys ukusekwa Fe kunye Cu. Ayina sisinyithi nobhedu angacuthwa ukunyibilika efanayo. Ubuninzi lwamaxabiso zayo kuvandlakanywa kwizalathisi lobushushu 1099,85 ° C. The degree of ukunyibilika yobhedu ngendlela okuqinileyo ilingana kwi 8.5% yentsimbi. Ezi zikhombisi ezincinane. Ukuchithwa zesinyithi sisinyithi ngendlela esiluqilima ubhedu malunga ne 4.2%.

Ukwehlisa lobushushu kumaxabiso igumbi yenza iinkqubo luncinane efanayo. Xa zanyibilika copper metal, liyakwazi ukuzinyela kakuhle intsimbi ngohlobo esiqinileyo. Ekulungisweni Fe kunye Cu pseudoalloys basebenzisa preform okhethekileyo. Zidalwa ngokucinezela okanye ukubhaka isinyithi umgubo ezikhoyo uhlobo olunyulu okanye ingxubevange. preform enjalo buzane ngobhedu elulwelo, ukwakha pseudoalloys.

Ukuchithwa in ammonia

Le nkqubo idla ophuma ngokugqithisela i NH ₃ ngendlela sukube phezu metal ebomvu-eshushu. Isiphumo kokupheliswa ngobhedu ammonia, bodwa Cu ₃ N. Le compound kuthiwa ephuculweyo nje monovalent.

Neetyuwa ze isisombululo yayo ammonia lubekwa. Kongezwe reagent ukuya chloride ubhedu kukhokelela imvula ngohlobo hayidroksayidi:

CuCl ₂ + H. ₃ + H. ₃ + 2H ₂ Owu → 2NH ₄ Cl + Cu (OH) ₂ ↓.

ammonia kwemfuneko ikhuthaza ukuyilwa uhlobo oluntsonkothileyo kokuba kombala emnyama-blue ezimbaxa:

Cu (OH) ₂ ↓ + 4NH ₃ → [Cu (H. _{3) 4]} (OH) _2.

Le nkqubo izakusetyenziswa ukugqiba unako cupric.

Ukunyibilika intsimbi

In pearlitic oluthambileyo isakhiwo kwesinyithi ngaphandle amacandelo ezisisiseko element ezongezelelweyo ekhoyo kwi ngokohlobo sobhedu oluqhelekileyo. Ezizezi kwenyusa graphitization-athom carbon kwandisa fluidity, amandla kunye ubungwanyalala le aluminium. I-metal ibe nempembelelo entle izinga perlite kwi imveliso yokugqibela. Ukunyibilika ngobhedu intsimbi isetyenziselwa kweziyobisi lo kuqamba sokuqala. Eyona njongo iphambili yale nkqubo ukuze ufumane ingxubevange oluthambileyo. Uya kube kuphuculwa iipropati koomatshini umhlwa, kodwa ziyancipha embrittlement.

Ukuba umxholo yobhedu intsimbi yi malunga ne-1%, izinga amandla ngexesha ekusoluleni ilingana no-40%, kwakunye nokwanda imveliso kwi-50%. Oku Itshintsha kakhulu iimpawu ingxubevange. Ukwandisa imali dopant metal kwi-2%, oko kukhokelela utshintsho amandla ixabiso 65% yaye izinga lokuhamba uba ilingana no-70%. Xa imixholo eziphezulu ngobhedu ubume yentsimbi spheroidal grafayithi kwakheka nzima. Intshayelelo isakhiwo element alloying ayitshintshi ubuchwepheshe wokusungula intsila viscous kunye ethambileyo. Ixesha ekhoyo annealing ungqamane ngexesha a asabela ukuvelisa yesinyithi ngaphandle ukungcola zobhedu. Kumalunga 10 iiyure.

Sebenzisa zobhedu ngokwenziwa elingqukuva zentsimbi kunye xi eliphezulu lesilicon ayikho nako ukubeka ecaleni ngokupheleleyo ekuthiwa-umxube ferrugination ngexesha annealing. Ngenxa yoko, imveliso ukuba ukomelela eliphantsi.

Ukunyibilika nesigidi

Xa ugalelwe metal mercury nezinye izinto ezifunyenweyo amalgam. Le nkqubo ingathatha indawo kubushushu gumbi, kuba phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo i PB ulwelo. Ukunyibilika ngobhedu kwi mercury lwenzeka kuphela ngexesha ukufudumeza. Metal kufuneka kuqala sicande. Emva ukuchama mercury engamanzi ubhedu bubambekayo a lalwano kwelifa into enye kwenye inkqubo okanye kwe-. Ixabiso ukunyibilika ichazwa njenge pesenti kwaye 7.4 * 10 ^-3. Ngexesha indlela eqinileyo ufumene amalgam elula efana kukungciba. Ukuba kukho ubushushu encinane, ithambisa. Ngenxa yoko, umxube eso sisetyenziselwa ukulungisa imveliso yephondo. Kukho kwakhona amalgam ezintsonkothileyo enesiqulatho kangangoko metal kuyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa intsila wamazinyo yesiliva, nebhekile, ubhedu nezinki iziqalelo. imali yabo Ipesenti ubhekisela zombini 65: 27: 6: 2. Amalgams nge sisincoko ekuthiwa isilivere enjalo. Icandelo ingxubevange nganye ezisebenza umsebenzi ethile, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukufumana itywina umgangatho ophezulu.

Omnye umzekelo ingxubevange amalgam apho kukho umxholo eliphezulu yobhedu. Libizwa ngokuba ingxubevange zezobhedu. Ukubunjwa amalgam ekhoyo ukususela kwi-10 ukuya kuma-30% Cu. High lamanani ngobhedu ithintela tin awasabela ngayo kunye mercury, nto leyo aluyiyo phase ingxubevange buthathaka kakhulu onakalisayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukunciphisa ubungakanani isilivere iziphumo itywina ukwehla kwexabiso. Ukulungiselela le amalgam inqweneleka ukusebenzisa umoya egalelwe okanye ulwelo olukhuselayo eyenza ifilimu. Metals ezakha ingxubevange ekwaziyo oxidized ngokukhawuleza moya. Inkqubo zokufudumeza Cuprum amalgam phambi hydrogen kukhokelela neyanamhlanje mercury ohlukanisa ubhedu kuzo iziqalelo. Njengoko ubona, lo mba kulula ukufunda. Ngoku uyazi njengokuba ubhedu isebenzisana nje kuphela ngamanzi kodwa asidi kunye nezinye izinto.