Sparta - le ... Imbali Sparta. Yamagorha Sparta. Sparta - Rise of an Empire

Xa mpuma losingasiqithi inkulu Greek - iPeloponnese - i Sparta kanye zamagorha khona. Le urhulumente kummandla Laconia, kuloo ntlambo umlambo Eurotas. igama layo esemthethweni kudla kukhankanyiwe kwiimvumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe - Sparta. Ivela kule meko waya iingqiqo ezifana "Spartan" yaye "Spartan". Bonke ndikuvile malunga isiko ngenkohlakalo eliye lakhula kulo polis wamandulo: yokubulala kuzalwa ezibuthathaka ukugcina lezakhi yesizwe.

Imbali ingenzeka

Ngokusemthethweni, Sparta, leyo kuthiwa Sparta (ukusuka kwakhona ulizwi igama fuzo - Laconia), owaphuma kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye BC. Emva kwexesha elithile kwindawo yonke, nginginya umzi-karhulumente lahlaselwa ngokwezizwe Doric. Abo agxile kunye Achaeans basekuhlaleni waba spartakiatami ngendlela ethile, namhlanje, yaye wajika zangaphambili abahlali amakhoboka, eyaziwa ngokuba helots.

Doric kakhulu ichaza ukuba nikwazi yaMandulo Greece, Sparta, waba ngasentshonalanga zebhanki Eurotas, kwisayithi ledolophu mihla igama elifanayo. igama layo anokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "saa". Kwakugcwele manors kunye nempahla eziye saa Laconia. Iziko yaba induli encinci, kamva owabizwa ngokuba Acropolis. Ekuqaleni, Sparta kungekho iindonga, waza wahlala enyanisekile lo mgaqo ukuya kwenkulungwane yesibini i-BC.

Inkqubo isimo Sparta

Entliziyweni yawo umgaqo ubunye bonke abemi nkqubo amalungelo ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente kunye nelungelo Sparta ubomi eqinile kwaye ubomi bakhe, ebambe ezithile ngokwezinga labo. Basics ezifana inkqubo loluntu ziye ebekwe ikhontrakthi edume Lycurgus. Ngokutsho kwakhe, imisebenzi yiSparta aba lezemidlalo kuphela okanye ikarati, kunye nokuchwela, ezolimo kunye norhwebo bekukho umsebenzi helots kunye periekov.

Ngenxa lokusebenza esekwe yi Lycurgus, similise spartiatskuyu idemokhrasi emkhosini-oligarchic e slaveholding weRiphabliki, kweli tyala igcinwe ezinye iimpawu yenkqubo yezizwe. Akukho akazange avunyelwe ubunini wabucala ilizwe, ezo zibe izabelo ezilingeneyo, eyayiqwalaselwe ipropati yoluntu kwaye ayikwazi ekuthengiswe. Amakhoboka helots kwakunye mbali bakholelwa, uphuma kurhulumente, kungekhona abantu abazizityebi.

Sparta - le lelinye lamazwe ambalwa, elikhokelwa xesha kwakukho nje ezimbini kukumkani, ababebizwa ngokuba arhagetami. igunya lazo njengelifa. Amagunya ophethwe zonke ukumkani Sparta, ziye zancitshiswa kungekuphela nje amandla omkhosi, kodwa lo mbutho yombingelelo, kwakunye inxaxheba kwibhunga abadala.

Last wabiza Gerus kunye yayibandakanya arhagetov amabini anamanci mabini anesibhozo Gerontopsychiatry. Abadala abanyulwe yi-National Assembly wobomi kuphela ukusuka ngabafo Spartan, wayeneminyaka emashumi mathandathu. Gerousia e Sparta wenza eminye imisebenzi umzimba karhulumente. Yena walungisa imibuzo kufuneka ukuba kuxoxwe kwiintlanganiso zoluntu, kwakunye nkqubo ngqo kwamanye amazwe. Ukongeza, libhunga ABADALA amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kwakunye nobundlobongela obujoliswe nguRhulumente, ijolise, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nxamnye arhagetov.

enkantolo

kwiinkqubo zomthetho kunye Sparta yamandulo ekunene eyayilawula ephors ebhodini. Kuba okokuqala lo mzimba ukuvela kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesibhozo. Kwakugcwele yabemi zintlanu ufanelwe kurhulumente, apho iNdibano yesiZwe inyulelwa ngonyaka nje omnye. Ekuqaleni amagunya ephors zaye kuphela ukuba iimbambano impahla tyala. Kodwa ngenkulungwane yesithandathu BC, amandla negunya labo zikhule. Ngokuthe ngcembe baqala ukuba bathabath 'Gerus. Ephors banikwa ilungelo lokuba abize indibano wesizwe Gerousia, lungisa umgaqo angaphandle ukwenza ulawulo lwangaphakathi Sparta kunye neenkqubo zayo. Le umzimba iye kubaluleke kangaka ngokulandelelana yoluntu karhulumente, ukuba umyalelo wakhe ukulawula amagosa, kubandakanywa arhageta.

ibandla Abantu

Sparta - i umzekelo karhulumente yeengcungcu. Ukuze ukucinezela abantu wakukhonza, ogama abameli kwakusithiwa helots, eyenziweyo wabanqanda uphuhliso kwipropati yabucala, ukuze kulondolozwe ukulingana phakathi yiSparta ngokwabo.

Apella, okanye kwiNdibano Abantu, e Sparta iyavela passivity. Ilungelo ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kule isidumbu kuphela abemi eyindoda abasisigxina ufikelele kwiminyaka yobudala amathathu. Ekuqaleni, indibano yesizwe wabiza arhaget, kodwa kamva ibakhokelele kwaye atshintshelwe kwibhodi ephors. Apella ayikwazanga nixoxe imibuzo phambili, oko ukugatya kuphela okanye ukwamkela isisombululo layo. Ukuvota amalungu eNdibano yesiZwe abangekaphuhli kunene: sokukhwaza okanye amalungu kwisahlulo macala esahlukileyo, yaye ngoko ke iliso kunye kakhulu uzimisele.

labantu

Abahlali yombuso Lacedaemonian wayesoloko iklasi ukungalingani. Le meko wadala inkqubo loluntu Sparta, eziquka abantu kwizintlu ezintathu: periekov elite - abemi simahla kwiidolophu ezikufuphi, musa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota, kwakunye amakhoboka karhulumente - helots.

YiSparta, ezibe kwiimeko ilungelo, benza kuphela emfazweni. Baya base urhwebo, umsebenzi wezandla kunye nezolimo, kwaba yonke njengendlela ekhohlo ukuya periekam inceba. Ngelo xesha, la amafa elite yiSparta bawudela Helots, ngubani lokugqibela eziqeshiweyo evela kurhulumente. Ngexesha abenzi bemilingo yezikhulu uhulumeni izihlandlo ezihlanu ngaphantsi kwe periekov kunye neshumi - helots.

History of Sparta

Zonke ixesha ubukho omnye kakhulu ithi bamandulo lungohlulwa lube era kokubhalwa kwembali, yamandulo, weklasikhi, zamaGrike namaRoma. Ngamnye kubo ushiye uphawu wayo nje kuphela lokusekwa imeko yamandulo Sparta. Greece iye baboleke lukhulu kweli bali ekwenziweni.

Prehistory

Lacaune on amazwe ekuqaleni wayehlala Leleges, kodwa emva kokuba kufakwe Dorians of iPeloponnese, kule ndawo, leyo ibisoloko ingqalelo nongazaliyo kakhulu nezincinane ngokubanzi, ngenxa inkohliso baya oonyana ababini ezingephi edume ukumkani Aristodemus - Evrisfenu bamqalekisa.

Kungekudala saba isixeko engundoqo inkqubo Lacedaemon Sparta nto ixesha elide akemi phakathi kwezinye lithi Doric. Wayeneminyaka iimfazwe gqolo lwangaphandle kunye nezixeko asebumelwaneni Argos kunye Arcadia. Ukwanda kakhulu ehlabathini ixesha wokulawula Lycurgus - drevnespartanskogo mthetho, nto leyo mbali bamandulo ngamxhelo kuthiwa isakhiwo sezopolitiko, ngoko kweyisa e Sparta kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela.

era ngezinto zakudala

Emva kokuba uloyiso kwiimfazwe oluhlala luhleli ukusuka 743 ukuya 723 yaye ukususela kwiminyaka 685 ukuya 668. BC, Sparta wakwazi ekugqibeleni oyise, niwudle Messenia. Ngenxa yokuba abemi bayo bamandulo kuvinjwa umhlaba wabo yaba helots. Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, Sparta kuwinwa ngeendleko iinzame ezinkulu kunye Arcadians, yaye ngo-660 BC. e. Tegea kwanyanzeleka ukuba ndivume kubungangamsha yayo. Ngokwesivumelwano, egcinwe kwi isethi elikufuphi kholam Alphaeus, wanyanzelisa ukuba ukungena umfelandawonye emkhosini. Ukususela ngelo xesha, Sparta emehlweni eentlanga beza kuthathelwa ingqalelo imeko lokuqala zamaGrike.

History of Sparta ngeli thuba kukuqinisekisa ukuba abahlali balo sesiqale ukuba azame ukuwisa oozwilakhe, asakhulayo ukusuka nkulungwane BC wesixhenxe. e. phantse onke amazwe zamaGrike. Oko kwanceda yiSparta ngokugxotha Kipselidov ukusuka eKorinte, Peisistratus aseAtene, ukuba negalelo kwinkululeko Sicyon kunye Phocis, kwakunye iziqithi ezininzi kuLwandle iAegean, ngaloo ndlela yokufumana kumazwe ezahlukeneyo sabaxhasi nombulelo.

History of Sparta ngexesha lakudala

Umfelandawonye tag kunye elis, yiSparta waqalisa ukutsala kwicala yayo, kunye neminye imizi Laconia kunye neendawo eziyingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko, idala olunxantathu kubungangamsha Peloponnesian leyo wathabatha phezu Sparta. Lawo amaxesha ezimangalisayo kuye: kunaye ukuqhelisela ubunkokheli kwiimfazwe, yayiliziko iintlanganiso nazo zonke iintlanganiso Union, ngaphandle siphazamise geqe ithi ngamnye ukugcina ukuzimela.

Sparta akazange wazama ukuba asasaze negunya labo kulo iPeloponnese, kodwa izoyikiso eziyingozi nizihlabe amanye amazwe ngaphandle Argos, ngexesha lamaGrike-Persian iimfazwe yiya phantsi begxeka yakhe. Ukuyeka ingozi ngqo, yiSparta, eqonda ukuba angabi nako ukulwa impi yamaPersi kude emdeni wabo, akazange amelane xa eAthene liqalise isikhokelo ukongama emfazweni, elinganisela kuphela usingasiqithi.

Ukususela ngelo xesha, saqalisa ukubonisa iimpawu ungquzulwano phakathi kwezi amazwe amabini, ngoko vylivsheesya Yokuqala Peloponnesian War, eyaphelela ihlabathi Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu '. Ukulwa yodwa amandla eAtene, waza wamisa kubungangamsha ka Sparta, kodwa iye yakhokelela ekulahlekelweni okuthe iziseko zawo - imithetho Lycurgus.

Ngenxa yoko, ngonyaka wama-397 phambi kokuba era yethu kwenzeke Kinadona mvukelo, leyo, Noko ke, akuzange kube yimpumelelo. Noko ke, emva kokuba ukusilela ethile, ingakumbi ukwenzakala Idabi eKinido ukuya 394-m ukuya n. e, Sparta kudaka eAsia Minor, kodwa waba ngumgwebi kunye umlamli kwimicimbi zamaGrike, ngaloo ndlela ethethelela umgaqo-nkqubo wayo inkululeko onke amazwe, kwaye akwazi ukondla championship xa umfelandawonye wasePersi. Kuphela IThebes akazange athobele imiqathango ebekwe, ngaloo ndlela bemkhanyela uMnini Sparta eziluncedo ezifana lihlazo ihlabathi lakhe.

ngexesha lamaGrike namaRoma

Ukususela le minyaka, urhulumente iye akakhawulezi ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukwehla. Baphela ngumthwalo kunye namatyala abemi bayo, Sparta, inkqubo leyo yayisekelwe kwimithetho Lycurgus, ibe uhlobo engenanto karhulumente. ubuhlobo fokeyanami kwaphethwa. Nangona yiSparta, waza wabathuma ukuba ukunceda, kodwa zange ukunika inkxaso yokwenene. Xa engekho Aleksandra Makedonskogo ukumkani Agis nge ukuzama kukuphelisa idyokhwe Macedonian yenziwa uDariyo livela imali. Kodwa ubunzima ezingumqobo edabini ngenxa sixeko, wabulawa. Ngcembe waqalisa ngokuyinqaba kwaye ndibe ngumoya lekhaya, idume kangaka Sparta.

Rise Esilikomkhulu

Sparta - lilizwe kangangeenkulungwane ezintathu ukumonelwa ngawo onke Greece yamandulo. Kweli xesha phakathi lwesibhozo kwiinkulungwane yesihlanu BC, kwaba nokwanda kwamakhulu ezixeko, ngokufuthi kuyimfazwe omnye nomnye. Enye amanani eziphambili ukuvela Sparta njengelizwe enamandla eyomeleleyo yaba Lycurgus. Ngaphambi imbonakalo yakhe, yena kakhulu ezahlukene kwezinye Greek isixeko-States. Kodwa ke kokufika Lycurgus imeko itshintshile, kwaye eziphambili kuphuhliso sobuciko imfazwe banikwa. Ukususela kulaa mzuzu ukuya phambili Sparta lwaza siguqulwe. Ke kaloku, kwabakho ngelo xesha zakhe zebhola.

Ukususela BC ngenkulungwane yesibhozo. e. Sparta waqala ukuqhuba iimfazwe loloyiso, uboyisa omnye emva komnye abamelwane zayo iPeloponnese. Emva uthotho lwemisebenzi ngempumelelo emkhosini Sparta wafudukela ukuseka ubuhlobo bezozakuzo kunye belinye ayo anamandla. Lunokungena kwizivumelwano eziliqela, Sparta wema yintloko Union of the Peloponnesian ithi, igqalwa omnye ngawona onamandla Greece yamandulo. Sparta indalo le manyano ukukhonza ukuba vangama ka ayehlasela basePersi.

State of Sparta imfihlakalo-mbali. AmaGrike kuphela bayinqule ngabemi bayo, kodwa boyika kubo. Enye uhlobo amakhaka obhedu kunye iingubo obubomvu kunxitywa yamagorha Sparta, uhlawule abachasi ebaleka, ebanyanzela ukuba anikezele.

Nje kuphela ziintshaba, kodwa nakumaGrike akazange ayithande xa umkhosi, nokuba kuncinane, wabekwa ecaleni kwabo. Le ngcaciso ilula kakhulu: yamagorha Sparta wayesaziwa ngokuba invincibility. Jonga phalanges zabo neziphumo kwimo yokothuka, nkqu yehlabathi-nobulumko. Nangona iimfazwe ngaloo mihla, ukuba kubekho inani elincinane kuphela Fighters, Noko ke, abazange ixesha enilichithe.

Ukuqala kokuwa bukhosi

Kodwa ekuqaleni BC kwenkulungwane yesihlanu. e. kwaso okukhulu, kwenziwa ukususela empumalanga, yaba ekuqaleni ukuhla kwamandla ka Sparta. Ubukhosi omkhulu basePersi, wayesoloko waphupha ekwandiseni imimandla yabo, wathumela enempi enkulu eGrisi. wema elinamanci amabini lamawaka abantu kwimida wamaGrike. Kodwa amaGrike, leyo likhokelwa yiSparta, baye bamkela ucelomngeni.

Z ukumkani

Njengoko unyana ka Anaksandrida, Ukumkani wamphatha Agiadov Minor. Emva kokufa nabazalwana bakhe abadala, kunye Klemen Dorieya Okokuqala, ibhodi kucingelwa igama Z. Sparta kwiminyaka 480 ngaphambi kwexesha lethu ilwa wasePersi. Igama Z ezinxulumene feat ongenakufa yiSparta, Thermopylae Gorge xa idabi kwenzeka, waya ezantsi kwimbali kangangeenkulungwane.

Oku kwenzeka ngo-480 BC. e., xa ingxokolo ukumkani wasePersi uArtashashta wazama ubambe sicatshulwa emxinwa exhuma Central Greece kunye eThessaly. Xa intloko yomkhosi, kubandakanywa i-Union, yayinguKumkani Leonidas. Sparta ngexesha usesikhundleni ukongama phakathi kweentlanga lobuhlobo. Kodwa UArtashashta usebenzisa ubuqhophololo awanelisekanga wahamba Thermopylae Gorge waza wangena Ezomva kwanamaGrike.

Sparta amaqhawe

Ukufunda le, Z, ngubani walwa ecaleni amajoni zabo, lichithakale imikhosi encedisayo, abathume ekhaya. Ke yena kunye neqaqobana lamajoni, onombolo yakhe kuphela ezingamakhulu amathathu, ema endleleni amabini sewaka umkhosi wasePersi. Thermopylae Gorge Kuba nelisu ukuba namaGrike. Kwimeko yokuba boyisiwe, babeza kunqunyulwa kumbindi Greece, nokwenzeka zabo baye babekwa uphawu.

Kwisithuba seentsuku ezine, namaPersi azikhange zikwazi ukuba ndimaphule imikhosi kotshaba obungako ezincinane. Heroes of Sparta balwa njengeengonyama. Kodwa amabutho ukungalingani.

amaqhawe Niyazi of Sparta babulawa bonke. Kunye nabo de kwasekupheleni yokulwa ukumkani wabo Leonidas, abangazange ufuna ukulahla akanye nalo.

Igama Z wehla kwimbali. Chroniclers, kuquka yekaHerodotus, owabhala: "ookumkani abaninzi bafa yaye kudala olityelweyo. Kodwa Z yaziwa kwaye iziqu bonke. Igama lakhe liya kusoloko kukhunjulwa Sparta, Greece. Hayi ngenxa yokuba ukumkani, kodwa ngenxa yokuba phambi kokuphela umsebenzi wakhe ilizwe lakhe, wafa njengeqhawe. Esi siganeko kubomi yamaGrike zobugorha iyaqhutywa, iincwadi ezibhaliweyo.

feat yiSparta

Ukumkani wamaPersi uAsuwerosi, nto leyo engazange azishiye iphupha sokundibambisa Hellas ahlasela Greece ngowe-480, kunyaka phambi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu. Ngeli xesha, amaGrike ubambe Olympics. YiSparta zilungele ukubhiyozela Carney.

Zombini ezi holide yamaGrike linyanzelekile ukuba bahloniphe kuthula engcwele. Kwaye oko esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba e Thermopylae Gorge namaPersi bamelana kuphela amandla encinane.

Towards umkhosi omkhulu ka-Ahaswerosi waqondisa looding yayingamakhulu amathathu yiSparta eyayikhokelwa nguKumkani Leonidas. Warriors zikhethwe ngokusekelwe ukuba babe nabantwana. Endleleni eya wamajoni Z wajoyina abantu iwaka tegeytsev, Arcadians kunye mantineytsev, kwakunye ikhulu elinamanci mabini - of Orchomenus. EKorinte wathuma amajoni ezine Phlius kunye Mycenae - ezingamakhulu amathathu.

Xa akukho umkhosi abaninzi beza Thermopylae esisemgceni waza wabona inani namaPersi, amajoni amaninzi boyika abafazi, waqalisa ukuba incoko malunga kokurhoxa. Inxalenye Amanyeneyo wacela ukuba bafudukele usingasiqithi lelokugada Isthmus. Noko ke, abanye baye kufika yinto ye sigqibo. Z, wayalela umkhosi ukuba ahlale kuloo ndawo, wathumela abathunywa wonke umzi isicelo ukusekelwa, ngenxa yokuba amajoni ezimbalwa kakhulu alwe ngempumelelo namaPersi.

Baninzi kangangesine imihla ukumkani uAsuwerosi, ngethemba lokuba amaGrike asabile, yaye akazange uqalise umlo. Kodwa ebona ukuba oku kwenzeke, wathuma kubo amaMedi Cassius kunye ukuze athathe Z ephila nihle naye. Abo wakhawuleza wahlasela kwanamaGrike. Ngasinye amaMedi ihlasele kwaphela kunye nelahleko enkulu, kodwa endaweni enesono kwafika abanye. Kwaba ngoko awathi yiSparta namaPersi kwacaca ukuba abantu babe eninzi ka-Ahaswerosi, kodwa kubo amadoda ambalwa. Le mpi yathatha imini yonke.

Amkele ekwalile izigqibo, amaMedi kwaza kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele. Kodwa ke indawo amaPersi, wakhokela Gidarn. UArtashashta wababiza "awufi" squad kwaye ngethemba lokuba bakwazi lula ukwenza kunye yiSparta. Kodwa ngokulwa melee baza basilela, kwakunye amaMedi, ukuba impumelelo enkulu.

NamaPersi kwafuneka ukuba balwe eziqwini, kwaye ngemikhonto elifutshane, ngoxa bezizwe elide, nto leyo kule ezimbini zokucwangcisa, wanika aba ngcono.

Ebusuku, yiSparta aphinde ahlasela kweminquba wasePersi. Bakwazi ukubulala ezininzi ziintshaba, kodwa injongo yayo ephambili lahluleka i ukudideka jikelele ka-Ahaswerosi. Kwaye kuphela xa emini, yamaPersi wabona yokunqaba Tsar Z squad. Baya kuwaphosa yiSparta akugqiba off kunye aziintshuntshe neentolo.

Road ukuya central kuba namaPersi Greece yavulwa. UArtashashta ngokobuqu kuhlolwa edabini. Ukufumana ukumkani efile Spartan, wayalela ukuba kunqumle intloko, wayibeka phezu esibondeni.

Kukho banentsomi yokuba uKumkani Leonidas, esiya Thermopylae, waqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba iyafa, ngoko umbuzo umfazi wakhe ngethuba esithi ndlelantle yintoni na imiyalelo yakho, waza wayalela ukufumana indoda elungileyo, uzale abantwana. Leyo simi ukulungele ukufela ilizwe labo kwi edabini ukufumana isithsaba sokuhomba yiSparta ubomi.

Ukuqala Peloponnesian War

Emva kwexesha elithile beza ndawonye usilwa Greek isixeko-States yaye bakwazi dudula uAhaswerosi. Noko ke, nangona uloyiso joint oyise amaPersi, olu manyano phakathi Sparta kunye eAthene ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Kulo nyaka 431 BC. e. Kwalo War Peloponnesian. Eminyaka nje embalwa bakwazi ukuphumelela uloyiso karhulumente Spartan.

Kodwa asinguye wonk 'Greece amandulo kolawulo Lacedaemon. Ngoko ke, isiqingatha senkulungwane kamva, ukulwa entsha imfazwe. Eli xesha, izitha zakhe IThebes, leyo Amanyeneyo laphumelela bahambe bazoyise kakhulu Sparta. Ngenxa yoko, baphulukana amandla karhulumente.

isiphelo

Yaba Sparta yamandulo. Yena wayengomnye contenders ezingundoqo igunya kunye mkhulu kwi imbono yesiGrike ihlabathi. Ezinye iziganeko kwimbali ye Spartan iculwa imisebenzi emikhulu kaHomer. Badumileyo phakathi kwezi yeyona ibalaseleyo "Iliad."

Kodwa ngoku kule nkqubo elizukileyo ngoku wahlala kuphela amabhodlo ezinye izakhiwo zalo yaye nozuko nelingambatshiyo. Ngaphambi koogxa bakhe beza kwebali ubuqhawe amajoni ayo, kwakunye kwidolophu encinane enegama elifanayo kwi iPeloponnese esemazantsi.