Yenziwe ngoobani kunye neempawu eziphila. eziphilayo

Zonke ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo kwiplanethi yethu kuhlangene. Akukho sidalwa enjalo, ngubani zodwa geqe zonke ngokungqongqo ngabanye. Noko ke, hayi kuphela eziphilayo bezalana ngokusondeleyo, kodwa Imiba yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye lwangaphakathi kuchaphazela yonke mmandla wemveli. Kunye yonke indalo entsonkothileyo eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo izinto eziphila isakhiwo neempawu zazo. Loluphi uhlobo ingqiqo, yintoni parameters ebonakala, zama ukuqonda inqaku.

Ingcamango yokuba eziphila

Yintoni ikhosistim? Xa uthathela ingqalelo okusingqongileyo umbono, kuba ubomi kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilileyo zizonke, nokuba iklasi kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo, zombini zasemanzini kunye abiotic.

Iipropati eziphilayo zichazwe ngeempawu zazo. Kwabonakala ke ukukhankanywa yokuqala yekota ngo-1935. A. Arthur Tansley wacebisa usebenzisa ukuba kubhekisela "isakhiwo equlathe nje umzimba, kodwa endaweni yazo." Ngokwayo, umba kumba kakhulu, kuba yeyona inkulu eziphilayo, kwakunye ebalulekileyo. Elinye igama - biogeocoenosis, nangona umahluko phakathi kwala magama kusafuneka kancinane.

Ipropati ezingundoqo eziphila basebenzisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabo izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, amandla, ubushushu ngokutsha, ukufuduka lweziqalelo, intshukumo emanyeneyo eziphilayo phezu kwezinye. Xa iyonke kukho iimpawu iimpawu eziliqela ezisisiseko, ezo zibizwa ngokuba iipropati.

Iimpawu ezisisiseko eziphila

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo zingahlulwa zibe ezintathu:

• ukuzeyisa;
• uzinzo;
• self-nokuzala;
• ukutshintsha omnye komnye;
• ingqibelelo;
• iipropati iimbalo.

Ngomhla umbuzo wokuba yintoni na ipropati ezingundoqo eziphila ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo unokuphendulwa. Bonke bephela zibalulekile, oko kuphela ebusweni babo idibene ivumela ingqiqo zikhona. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha phawu nganye uphawu ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo nokuqonda uqobo.

Ukuzeyisa eziphila

Le ke inkalo ephambili yendalo, nto leyo ithetha self-ulawulo ngaphakathi ubomi biogeocoenose nganye. Oko kukuthi, iqela eziphilayo, apho kulwalamano olusondeleyo nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo, iba nefuthe ngqo kwi isakhiwo lonke liphela. Kuyinto ubuchule babo ubomi zingachaphazela uzinzo kunye eziphilayo self-elawula.

Ngokomzekelo, xa sithetha ngamarhamncwa, zidla kwi Azityi uhlobo olunye kanye logama nje inani labo lifinyele. Okulandelayo siyayeka ukudla, kwaye utshaba sokuyivula umthombo wamandla eyahlukileyo (oko kukuthi, i uhlobo izidalwa isityalo ukutya). Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba iintlobo lutshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo, ihlala yodwa ukubuyisela inani elifunekayo indicators.

Phakathi ecosystem akakwazi khona ngokwendalo ngenxa yokutshabalala ngokutya abanye abantu. Le ukuzeyisa. Okt izilwanyana, izityalo, nomngundo, angenziwa ngokufanayo iliso omnye komnye, nangona ukuba ukutya.

Kwakhona, ukuzeyisa - yeyona yokuphilisana eziyintloko mhlaba kwakhona ngoba ngayo yinkqubo ezilawulwa ukuguqulela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-eneji. nezinto ezingaphiliyo, eziphilayo iikhompawundi, iziqalelo - zonke ibekwe nolwalamano kunye ejikeleza jikelele. Izityalo zisebenzisa amandla elanga ngqo, izilwanyana ezitya izityalo, iguqulela ukuba uzibhokoxe iintambo imichiza emva kokuba bafe kwakhona Cya ukubola kubo ezingaphiliyo. Inkqubo eqhubekayo kunye nokungazinzi koqoqosho, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngaphandle, leyo kuthiwa ukuzeyisa.

uzinzo

Kukho nezinye iimpawu zendalo. Self-mmiselo zinxulumene kakhulu kuzinzo. Yimalini uyokuma omnye okanye omnye ecosystem, oko igcinwa njani, kwaye ingaba kukho utshintsho kwelinye icala, oko kuxhomekeke eziliqela izizathu.

Ngokwenene oluzinzileyo nguye, apho kungekho uphazamiseko kwi inxalenye yomntu. It inombolo rhoqo stably eliphezulu zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilileyo, akukho lutshintsho kwenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko zokusingqongileyo okanye zingabalulekanga. Enyanisweni, nayiphi na ecosystem kunokuba zizinze.

Baphula mbandela umntu angenelele bakhe ukungaphumeleli ukuhleleka (kwamahlathi, ukubulala izilwanyana, etshabalalisa izinambuzane, njl). Kwakhona, uhlobo kanye enokuchaphazela uzinzo, ukuba iimeko zemozulu kutshintsha kakhulu, angavumeli eziphilayo ixesha ukuqhelana. Umzekelo, iintlekele zemvelo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukunciphisa ubungakanani bamanzi, njalo njalo.

Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa neyantlukwano iintlobo, ixesha elide khona eziphilayo. Iipropati eziphila - bokuxhathisa kwaye ukuzeyisa - sisiseko apho bonke ugcina le ngcamango. Kukho igama lushwankathela ezi mpawu - homeostasis. Oko kukuthi, ukugcinwa rhoqo kuzo zonke - iintlobo ngeentlobo, ubungakanani zabo, ngaphakathi kunye iimeko zangaphandle. Hi xikombiso, le tundra ecosystem bangakhuseleki kumaqela ngaphezu amahlathi. Eneneni, ngeyantlukwano yabo yemfuza wokuphila ayikho enkulu nanjengoko kuthetha. kwaye izinga kusinda wancipha.

Samovosproizvodimost

Ukuba ucinga kakuhle umbuzo wokuba yintoni na yokuphilisana eziphambili wepropati, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba samovosproizvodimost imeko ayibalulekanga kangako lobukho babo. Ngapha koko, ngaphandle umdlalo zochuku amacandelo ezifana:

• eziphilayo;
• ukwakheka komhlaba;
• ukucaciselwa amanzi;
• Icandelo-oksijini emoyeni, njalo njalo.

Kunzima ukuthetha malunga uzinzo kunye ukuzeyisa. Kuba lowo, ukuya biomass uhlala azalwe kunye nenombolo igcineke, kubalulekile ukuba kukho ukutya okwaneleyo, amanzi kunye neemeko ngokwaneleyo ebomini. Phakathi na ecosystem kukho indawo rhoqo ngabantu abadala izigulane abaselula enempilo, eyomeleleyo kunye anesibindi. Le yimeko eqhelekileyo ngobukho nayiphi na kuzo. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa samovosproizvodimosti kwangethuba.

Ibonakalisa iimpawu eziphila kule hlobo - ngundoqo ulondolozo alleles genetic yohlobo ngalunye. Kungenjalo, le kwisizukulwana kunye phyla lonke, iiklasi kunye neentsapho eziphilayo ziye phantsi ekutshabalaleni kunye akukho esalandelayo.

ukulandelana

Kwakhona iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zemvelo - ukutshintsha eziphilayo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ngokulandelelana. Weza phantsi kwempembelelo yokutshintsha iimeko zangaphandle abiotic kwaye kuthatha iminyaka eliqela kwizigidi. Umongo kule meko - ukutshintshwa ezilandelanayo eziphila omnye komnye phantsi kweempembelelo kwiimeko zangaphakathi ezivela phakathi eziphilayo nohlobo ezingaphiliyo ngenxa yemeko ezisingqongileyo ixesha elide.

Kwakhona successions sizathu omkhulu ezenziwa ngabantu. Ngoko ke, amahlathi ukunika indlela eya amadlelo nemigxobhozo, amachibi zibe iintlango okanye amadlelo, amasimi yimimango imithi nemihlaba yeenkuni kwakhiwa. Ngokwendalo, nale izilwanyana nazo utshintsho olubalulekileyo.

Kuya kwenzeka nini wokulandelelana? Kanye ukuya kwindawo apho nazwe kakhulu lula kwaye malilungiselelwe ezithile iimeko biogeocoenosis. Umzekelo, amahlathi coniferous we-East Far (hlathi) - oku a esekwe kakuhle ingcambu biocenosis ukuba ngakumbi apha ayikazi kutshintsha kuya phi. Kuye kwasekwa amawaka eminyaka, ngelo xesha akukho lutshintsho kwi ecosystem.

iipropati iimbalo

Le propati eziphilayo ezisandula ezisakhulayo, kwaye kunjalo nje ayibanga ngako yeempawu ukuba abonakale zendalo. Bathi ngenxa yokusebenza oluhlanganisiweyo wonke okanye amanye amalungu inkqubo eqhelekileyo kuvela.

Omnye wemizekelo yoku uluntu emanzini, nto leyo ke ngenxa yentsebenziswano phakathi coelenterates kwakunye nezityalo. Coral - umthombo engundoqo eninzi ngolunya, izinto, imichiza ephambi kwabo akazange ayisekho lo mphakathi.

eziphilayo

Iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi eziphila abanobudlelwane kufuphi enye kwenye. Umzekelo, ipropati ezifana ingqibelelo, ebonisa intsebenziswano eqhubekayo phakathi bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Kuquka ne imiba indalo ezingaphiliyo. A ngomnye wemisebenzi sethutyana nje evumelanayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-eneji omnye komnye, apho kunokwenzeka ukuba isasazwe lwangaphakathi phakathi zonke izinto esebenza abemi biocenoses ngokwabo kunye nabanye.

Ngokubanzi, indima eziphila ixhomekeke iintlobo yolwalamano ezikhoyo phakathi kwabo. Nawuphi biogeocoenosis makanike ukukhula biomass ethile yebhayoloji ngenxa lobukho babo. Oku kuya kuba omnye wale misebenzi. Ukukhula ixhomekeke indibanisela zizathu ziyaphila yaye engaphiliyo, kwaye zisenokwahluka ngaphakathi kwemida ububanzi. Ngenxa yoko, i-biomass mkhulu kakhulu kwiindawo nokufuma ephakamileyo ukukhanya okufanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, inzuzo yalo iza kuba nkulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neso, umzekelo, entlango.

Omnye umsebenzi eziphilayo - zenguqu. Luquka utshintsho zokukhomba kwi amandla, ukuthumela yona ibe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo sisenzo eziphilileyo.

isakhiwo

Yenziwe ngoobani kunye neempawu eziphila kunye nesakhiwo yazo sizimisele. Yintoni na isakhiwo biogeocoenosis? Kucacile ukuba kuquka zonke amakhonkco eziphambili (zombini wabaphilileyo abiotic). Kubalulekile ukuba isakhiwo liphela umjikelo closed, ezenza kwakhona uqinisekisa iimpawu ezingundoqo eziphilayo.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili ikhonkco ezinkulu nayiphi biogeocoenose.

1. Ecotop - iseti izinto abiotic. Yena, ke, limelwe:

• klimatopom (emoyeni, ukufuma, ukukhanya);
• edafotop (Icandelo nekhompaktha womhlaba).

2. Biocoenosis - ukuqokelela zonke iintlobo zezidalwa eziphilayo kwi ecosystem. Oku kuquka links ezintathu eziphambili:

• zoocenoses - zonke izilwanyana kokuba;
• phytocoenosis - zonke izinto izityalo;
• microbiocenosis - bonke abameli bacteria.

Ngokutsho ubume singasentla kucacile ukuba zonke ngapandle kokuba amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngokusondeleyo kwaye enze womnatha enye. Le ubudlelwane kubonakala kakhulu ukufunxeka nenguqu amandla. Ngamanye amazwi, benemixokelelwane ukutya kunye nothungelwano ngaphakathi naphakathi abantu.

Isakhiwo efanayo yaphakanyiswa biogeocoenose V. N. Sukachevym ngo-1940 kwaye esasebenza namhlanje.

ecosystem abadala

Age ezahlukeneyo biogeocenosis ziyahluka ngokubanzi. Ngokwendalo, iimpawu uphawu eziphila abatsha noqolileyo kufuneka ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye kube njalo.

Yintoni ecosystem oqolileyo phawu izahlule kwezinga kutshanje ibunjwe-? Ezi ezimbalwa, khangela lonke:

1. Iintlobo labantu nganye kuyilwa, izinze kwaye ayikwazi kubuyiselwa (indawo) kwabanye.
2. Neyantlukwano Uhlobo rhoqo yaye akukho lutshintsho elide.
3. Lonke uluntu ngokukhululekileyo self-umqondo, kukho iqondo eliphezulu homeostasis.
4. umzimba ngamnye apha naphaya ngokupheleleyo neemeko zokusingqongileyo, kwavumela ecotope biocenosis kunye kakhulu bekhululekile.

ecosystem ngamnye uya kufumana elandelayo nje akukho lusekiwe kuvuthondaba - iyantlukwano kakhulu nemveliso iintlobo ngokusisigxina kwaye kwamkelekile. Kwathiwa ke biogeocoenosis utshintshwe emphakathini oqolileyo.

amaqela eziphilayo ngaphakathi biogeocoenose

Kakade ke, ukuba bonke abantu abahlala kumgama ecosystem single zinxulumana kunye. Noko ke, nayo iba nefuthe elikhulu, nakumhlaba ukubunjwa, umoya, amanzi - yonke izakhi abiotic.

It isigqibo ukwaba amaqela ezimbalwa eziphilayo ikhono lokunciphisa nokuguqula amandla ngaphakathi biogeocoenose nganye.

1. Abavelisi - abo ukuvelisa izinto eziphilayo ezivela kumacandelo ezingaphiliyo. Oku izityalo eziluhlaza yaye ezinye iintsholongwane. indlela yawo Ukunciphisa amandla - autotrophic, anciphisa ngqo radiation elanga.
2. Consuments okanye biofagi - abo kudla ulungile ngokutya izidalwa eziphilayo izinto eziphilayo. Oku izilwanyana ezidla, izinambuzane, ezinye izityalo. Oku kuquka izilwanyana ezitya izityalo kunye nabameli.
3. Saprotrophs - eziphilayo ekwaziyo okubolileyo izinto eziphilayo, ngale ndlela odlayo izondlo. Oko kukuthi, sisitya iintsalela abafileyo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Ngokucacileyo, onke amalungu kwinkqubo kwi imeko ganiso. Ngaphandle izityalo akayi kuba nako ukufumana izilwanyana ezitya ukutya kunye amarhamncwa uya kufa ngaphandle kwazo. compound Saprophagous engekalungiswa ihlawulwe imali iikhompawundi ezifanelekileyo ezingaphiliyo. Zonke ezi buhlobo ngokuba imixokelelwane ukutya. Kwiingingqi ezinkulu, lo ikhonkco lihamba kwi womnatha, kwasekwa iphiramidi. Uphononongo kwemiba enxulumene ukudibana trophic, ejongene inzululwazi kunye nendalo.

Indima indoda igalelo eziphila

Oku eninzi intetho namhlanje. Ekugqibeleni, le ndoda waqonda ubungakanani ngokupheleleyo umonakalo, leyo kule minyaka 200 edlulileyo kwaye kwasetyenzwa kubo eziphilayo. Kwaya iziphumo ezicacileyo ukuziphatha okunjalo: imvula eneasidi, greenhouse effect lo, kwamaqondo obushushu, ukuncitshiswa izinto amatsha, umhlaba oskudnenie, ukuncitshiswa amahlathi kunye njalo njalo. Uyakwazi zihlala ukulabhula imigca enqamleze esiqwini ingxaki, ngenxa yokuba wayiqokelela isethi enkulu.

Konke oku kanye indima edlalwa kunye nemidlalo kusekho abantu eziphilayo. ezidolophini Kuku, ukusetyenziswa koomatshini, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe, uphuhliso isithuba kunye neminye imisebenzi yabantu kuphela kukhokelela ingxaki likarhulumente wendalo engaphiliyo, kodwa ukunciphisa inani kunye ekutshabalaleni biomass-langa.

Nayiphi eziphilayo kufuneka ukhuselwe umntu, ingakumbi namhlanje. Ngoko ke, umsebenzi ngamnye kuthi - ukuba ayinike inkxaso. Akuyomfuneko kakhulu - kwinqanaba korhulumente ziqulunqwe iindlela ukukhusela indalo, abantu abaqhelekileyo kufuneka bathobele kuphela yimithetho uzame ukugcina ecosystem lomelele, ngaphandle kokungena ukwakhiwa kwawo izixa kakhulu kwezinto ezahlukeneyo izinto.